Abstract
There is an increase in concern about the hazardous effects of radioactivity due to the presence of undesirable radioactive substances in our vicinity. Nuclear accidents such as Chernobyl (1986) and Fukushima (2011) have further raised concerns towards such incidents which have led to contamination of water bodies. Conventional methods of water purification are less efficient in decontamination of radioisotopes. They are usually neither cost-effective nor environmentally friendly. However, nanotechnology can play a vital role in providing practical solutions to this problem. Nano-engineered materials like metal oxides, metallic organic frameworks, and nanoparticle-impregnated membranes have proven to be highly efficient in treating contaminated water. Their unique characteristics such as high adsorption capacity, large specific surface area, high tensile strength, and excellent biocompatibility properties make them useful in the field of water purification. This review explores the present status and future prospects of nanomaterials as the next-generation water purification systems that can play an important role in the removal of heavy metals and radioactive contaminants from aqueous solutions.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Kumar P, Deep A, Kim KH (2015) Metal-organic frameworks for sensing applications. TrAC Trends Anal Chem 73:39–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2015.04.009
Ahmed FE, Lalia BS, Hashaikeh R (2015) A review on electrospinning for membrane fabrication: challenges and applications. Desalination 356:15–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2014.09.033
Akbari A, Mohamadzadeh F (2012) New method of synthesis of stable zero valent iron nanoparticles (nZVI) by chelating agent diethylene triamine penta acetic acid (DTPA) and removal of radioactive uranium from ground water by using iron nanoparticle. J Nanostruct 2(2):175–181. https://doi.org/10.7508/jns.2012.02.004
Ali A (2017) Removal of Mn(II) from water using chemically modified banana peels as efficient adsorbent. Environ Nanotechnol Monit Manag 7:57–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2016.12.004
Anjum M, Miandad R, Waqas M, Gehany F, Barakat MA (2019) Remediation of wastewater using various nano-materials. Arab J Chem 12(8):4897–4919. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2016.10.004
Ansari R, Delavar AF (2009) Application of poly 3-methylthiophene for removal of silver ion from aqueous solutions. J Appl Polym Sci 113(4):2293–2300. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.30239
Arbain R, Othman M, Palaniandy S (2011) Preparation of iron oxide nanoparticles by mechanical milling. Miner Eng 24(1):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2010.08.025
Arnal JA, Esteban JC, García JL, Fernandez MS, Clar II, Miranda IA (2000) Declassification of radioactive waste solutions of iodine (I125) from radioimmune analysis (RIA) using membrane techniques. Desalination 129(2):101–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(00)00053-9
Atif R, Inam F (2016) Reasons and remedies for the agglomeration of multilayered graphene and carbon nanotubes in polymers. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 7:1174–1196. https://doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.7.109
Avellan A, Simonin M, McGivneyE BN, Spielman-Sun E, Rocca JD, Lowry GV (2018) Gold nanoparticle biodissolution by a freshwater macrophyte and its associated microbiome. Nat Nanotechnol 3(11):1072–1077. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-018-0231-y
Azrague K, Aimar P, Benoit-Marquié F, Maurette MT (2007) A new combination of a membrane and a photocatalytic reactor for the depollution of turbid water. Appl Catal B Environ 72(3–4):197–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2006.10.007
Badruddoza AZM, Tay ASH, Tan PY, Hidajat K, Uddin MS (2011) Carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin conjugated magnetic nanoparticles as nano-adsorbents for removal of copper ions: synthesis and adsorption studies. J Hazard Mater 185(2–3):1177–1186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.10.029
Baker MD, Ozin GA, Godber J (1985) Far-infrared studies of silver atoms, silver ions, and silver clusters in zeolites A and Y. J Phys Chem 89:305–311. https://doi.org/10.1021/j100248a026
Banerjee C, Dudwadkar N, Tripathi SC, Gandhi PM, Grover V, Kaushik CP, Tyagi AK (2014) Nano-cerium vanadate: a novel inorganic ion exchanger for removal of americium and uranium from simulated aqueous nuclear waste. J Hazard Mater 280:63–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.07.026
Bhagyashree K, Mishra RK, Shukla R, Kasar S, Kar A, Kumar S, Tomar BS (2012) Sorption of plutonium from low level liquid waste using nano MnO2. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 295(2):1561–1566. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-012-1938-0
Bhattacharjee B, Ganguli D, IakoubovskII K, Stesmans A, Chaudhuri S (2002) Synthesis and characterization of sol-gel derived ZnS : Mn2+ nanocrystallites embedded in a silica matrix. Bull Mater Sci 25(3):175–180. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02711150
Blanco M, Monteserín C, Angulo A, Pérez-Márquez A, Maudes J, Murillo N, Vilas JL (2019) TiO2-doped electrospun nanofibrous membrane for photocatalytic water treatment. Polymers 11(5):747. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11050747
Bo A, Sarina S, Zheng Z, Yang D, Liu H, Zhu H (2013) Removal of radioactive iodine from water using Ag2O grafted titanatenanolamina as efficient adsorbent. J Hazard Mater. Elsevier, 246–247199-205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.12.008
Bolisetty S, Arcari M, Adamci J, Mezzenga R (2015) Hybrid amyloid membranes for continuous flow catalysis. Langmuir 31(51):13867–13873. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b03205
Cantrell KJ, Kaplan DI, Wietsma TW (1995) Zero-valent iron for the in situ remediation of selected metals in groundwater. J Hazard Mater 42:201–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3894(95)00016-N
Cavus S, Gurdag G (2009) Noncompetitive removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions by poly [2-(acrylamido)-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid-co-itaconic acid] hydrogel. Ind Eng Chem Res 48(5):2652–2658. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie801449k
Chandrakar RK, Baghel RN, Chandra VK, Chandra BP (2015) Synthesis, characterization and photoluminescence studies of Mn doped ZnS nanoparticles. Superlattice Microst 86:256–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spmi.2015.07.043
Chen J, Xiu Z, Lowry GV, Alvarez PJ (2011) Effect of natural organic matter on toxicity and reactivity of nano-scale zero-valent iron. Water Res 45(5):1995–2001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2010.11.036
Chen A, Zeng G, Chen G, Hu X, Yan M, Guan S, Xie G (2012) Novel thiourea-modified magnetic ion-imprinted chitosan/TiO2 composite for simultaneous removal of cadmium and 2,4-dichlorophenol. Chem Eng J 191:85–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2012.02.071
Chen JH, Lu DQ, Chen B, QuYang PK (2013) Removal of U(VI) from aqueous solutions by using MWCNTs and chitosan modified MWCNTs. J.Radioanal.NuclChem 295(3):2233–2241. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-012-2276
Chen GR, Chang YR, Liu X, Kawamoto T, Tanaka H, Parajuli D, Chen ML, Lo YK, Lie ZF, Lee DJ (2015) Prussian blue non-woven filter for cesium removal from drinking water. Separt.Purif.Technol 153:37–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2015.08.029
Chen OP, Lin YJ, Cao WZ, Chang CT (2017) Arsenic removal with phosphorene and adsorption in solution. Mater Lett 190:280–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2017.01.030
Chernobyl: Assessment of Radiological and Health Impact (2002) Update. Chapter II – the release, dispersion and deposition of radionuclides (PDF). https://www.oecd-nea.org/rp/pubs/2003/3508-chernobyl.pdf. Accessed 20 Jan 2020
Chin SS, Chiang K, Fane AG (2006) The stability of polymeric membranes in a TiO2 photocatalysis process. J Membr Sci 275(1-2):202–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2005.09.033
Crane RA, Dickinson M, Scott TB (2015) Nanoscale zero-valent iron particles for the remediation of plutonium and uranium contaminated solutions. Chem Eng J 262:319–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2014.09.084
Cundy AB, Hopkinson L, Whitby RL (2008) Use of iron-based technologies in contaminated land and groundwater remediation: a review. Sci Total Environ 400(1–3):42–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.07.002
Cuttler JM, Pollycove M (2009) Nuclear energy and health: and the benefits of low-dose radiation hormesis. Dose-response : a publication of International Hormesis Society 7(1):52–89. https://doi.org/10.2203/dose-response.08-024.Cuttler
Dai J, Zeng XC (2014) Bilayer phosphorene: effect of stacking order on bandgap and its potential applications in thin-film solar cells. J Physical Chem Lett 5(7):1289–1293. https://doi.org/10.1021/jz500409m
Dai S, Peng B, Zhang L, Chai L, Wang T, Meng Y, Luo J (2015) Sustainable synthesis of hollow Cu-loaded poly(m-phenylenediamine) particles and their application for arsenic removal. RSC Adv 5(38):29965–29974. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4ra16499g
Dakroury GA, Abo-Zahra SF, Hassan HS, Fathy NA (2020) Utilization of silica–chitosan nanocomposite for removal of 152+ 154 Eu radionuclide from aqueous solutions. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 323(1):439–455. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-019-06951-6
Davis AP, Bhatnagar V (1995) Adsorption of cadmium and humic acid onto hematite. Chemosphere 30(2):243–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(94)00387-a
De Biasi RS, Figueiredo ABS, Fernandes AAR, Larica C (2007) Synthesis of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles using combustion waves. Solid State Commun 144(1–2):15–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssc.2007.07.031
Deng S, Ting YP (2005) Fugal biomass with grafted poly(acrylic acid) for enhancement of Cu(II) and Cd(II) biosorption. Langmuir 21:5940–5948. https://doi.org/10.1021/la047349a
Ding SY, Gao J, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Song WG, Su CY, Wang W (2011) Construction of covalent organic framework for catalysis: Pd/COF-LZU1 in Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction. J Am Chem Soc 133(49):19816–19822. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja206846p
Dozzi MV, Saccomanni A, Selli E (2012) Cr(VI) photocatalytic reduction: effects of simultaneous organics oxidation and of gold nanoparticles photodeposition on TiO2. J Hazard Mater 211-212:188–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.09.038
Dubey S, Banerjee S, Upadhyay SN, Sharma YC (2017) Application of common nano-materials for removal of selected metallic species from water and wastewaters: a critical review. J Mol Liq 240:656–677. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2017.05.107
Dutta AK, Maji SK, Adhikary B (2014) γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles: an easily recoverable effective photo-catalyst for the degradation of rose bengal and methylene blue dyes in the waste-water treatment plant. Mater Res Bull 49:28–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2013.08.024
Eatemadi A, Daraee H, Karimkhanloo H, Kouhi M, Zarghami N, Akbarzadeh A, Joo S (2014) Carbon nanotubes: properties, synthesis, purification, and medical applications. Nanoscale Res Lett 9(1):393. https://doi.org/10.1186/1556-276x-9-393
Faccini M, Borja G, Boerrigter M, Morillo Martín D, Martìnez Crespiera S, Vázquez-Campos S, Amantia D (2015) Electrospun carbon nanofiber membranes for filtration of nanoparticles from water. J Nanomater 2015:9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/247471
Fajaroh F, Setyawan H, Widiyastuti W, Winardi S (2012) Synthesis of magnetite nanoparticles by surfactant-free electrochemical method in an aqueous system. Adv Powder Technol 23(3):328–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2011.04.007
Febrianto J, Kosasih AN, Sunarso J, Ju YH, Indraswati N, Ismadji S (2009) Equilibrium and kinetic studies in adsorption of heavy metals using biosorbent: a summary of recent studies. J Hazard Mater 162(2–3):616–645. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.06.042
Feng X, Fryxell GE, Wang LQ, Kim AY, Liu J, Kemner KM (1997) Functionalized monolayers on ordered mesoporous supports. Science 276(5314):923–926. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.276.5314.923
Feng L, Cao M, Ma X, Zhu Y, Hu C (2012) Superparamagnetic high-surface-area Fe3O4 nanoparticles as adsorbents for arsenic removal. J Hazard Mater 217:439–446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.03.073
Figgemeier E, Kylberg W, Constable E, Scarisoreanu M, Alexandrescu R, Morjan I, Prodan G (2007) Titanium dioxide nanoparticles prepared by laser pyrolysis: synthesis and photocatalytic properties. Appl Surf Sci 254(4):1037–1041. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.08.036
Fleishman DG, Nikiforov VA, Saulus AA, Komov VT (1994) 137Cs in fish of some lakes and rivers of the Bryansk region and north-west Russia in 1990–1992. J Environ Radioact 24(2):145–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/0265-931X(94)90050-7
Freundlich H (1907) Über die adsorption in lösungen. Z Phys Chem 57(1):385–470. https://doi.org/10.1515/zpch-1907-5723
Fu F, Wang Q (2011) Removal of heavy metal ions from wastewaters: a review. J Environ Manag 92(3):407–418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.11.011
Fujishima A, Zhang X, TRYK D (2008) TiO2 photocatalysis and related surface phenomena. Surf Sci Rep 63(12):515–582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfrep.2008.10.001
Gadd GM (2008) Accumulation and transformation of metals by microorganisms, biotechnology set, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, pp:225–264
Gautam RK, Chattopadhyaya MC (2016) Chapter 5-kinetics and equilibrium isotherm modeling: graphene-based nanomaterials for the removal of heavy metals from water. In: Gautam RK, Chattopadhyaya MC (eds) Nanomaterials for wastewater remediation. Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-804609-8.00005-4
Gebl K (2018) “How did Fukushima disaster affect air pollution?” (interview). Stanford Center for International Security and Cooperation. Last accessed: 27 March 2020
Gehrke I, Geiser A, Somborn-Schulz A (2015) Innovations in nanotechnology for water treatment. Nanotechnol Sci Appl 1. https://doi.org/10.2147/43773
Gu B, Schmitt J, Chen Z, Liang L, McCarthy JF (1994) Adsorption and desorption of natural organic matter on iron oxide: mechanisms and models. Environ Sci Technol 28(1):38–46. https://doi.org/10.1021/es00050a007
Gu P, Xing J, Wen T, Zhang R, Wang J, Zhao G, Wang X (2018) Experimental and theoretical calculation investigation on efficient Pb (II) adsorption on etched Ti 3 AlC 2 nanofibers and nanosheets. Environ Sci: Nano 5(4):946–955. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8EN00029H
Guo GY, Chen YL (2005) A nearly pure monoclinic nanocrystalline zirconia. J Solid State Chem 178(5):1675–1682. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssc.2005.03.005
Guo J, Zhang Q, Cai Z, Zhao K (2016) Preparation and dye filtration property of electrospunpolyhydroxybutyrate–calcium alginate/carbon nanotubes composite nanofibrous filtration membrane. Sep Purif Technol 161:69–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2016.01.036
Gupta VK, Agarwal S, Saleh TA (2011) Synthesis and characterization of alumina-coated carbon nanotubes and their application for lead removal. J Hazard Mater 185(1):17–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.08.053
Han W, Fu F, Cheng Z, Tang B, Wu S (2016) Studies on the optimum conditions using acid-washed zero-valent iron/aluminum mixtures in permeable reactive barriers for the removal of different heavy metal ions from wastewater. J Hazard Mater 302:437–446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.09.041
Ho YS, McKay G (1999) Pseudo-second order model for sorption processes. Process Biochem 34(5):451–465. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-9592(98)00112-5
Ho YS, Chiu WT, Wang CC (2005) Regression analysis for the sorption isotherms of basic dyes on sugarcane dust. Bioresour Technol 96(11):1285–1291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2004.10.021
Ho HL, ChanWK BA, Yeung KL, Schrotter JC (2012) Experiment and modeling of advanced ozone membrane reactor for treatment of organic endocrine disrupting pollutants in water. Catal Today 193(1):120–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2012.03.059
Hu J, Chen G, Lo IMC (2005) Removal and recovery of Cr(VI) from wastewater by maghemite nanoparticles. Water Res 39(18):4528–4536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2005.05.051
Hu J, Lo I, Chen G (2007) Performance and mechanism of chromate (VI) adsorption by δ-FeOOH-coated maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) nanoparticles. Sep Purif Technol 58(1):76–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2007.07.023
Hu B, Ai Y, Jin J, Hayat T, Alsaedi A, Zhuang L, Wang X (2020) Efficient elimination of organic and inorganic pollutants by biochar and biochar-based materials. Biochar 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42773-020-00044-4
Huang JY, Chen S, Wang ZQ, Kempa K, Wang YM, Jo SH, Ren ZF (2006) Superplastic carbon nanotubes. Nature 439(7074):281–281. https://doi.org/10.1038/439281a
Huang P, Ye Z, Xie W, Chen Q, Li J, Xu Z, Yao M (2013) Rapid magnetic removal of aqueous heavy metals and their relevant mechanisms using nanoscale zero valent iron (nZVI) particles. Water Res 47(12):4050–4058. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2013.01.054
Huang Y, Li J, Chen X, Wang X (2014) Applications of conjugated polymer based composites in wastewater purification. RSC Adv 4(107):62160–62178. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4RA11496E
Huang ZN, Wang XL, Yang DS (2015) Adsorption of Cr (VI) in wastewater using magnetic multi-wall carbon nanotubes. Water Sci Eng 8(3):226–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wse.2015.01.009
Huang N, Zhai L, Xu H, Jiang D (2017) Stable covalent organic frameworks for exceptional mercury removal from aqueous solutions. J Am Chem Soc 139(6):2428–2434. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.6b12328
Huchthausen PA (2002) K-19: the widow maker: the secret story of the soviet nuclear submarine. National Geographic Society
Hullavarad NV, Hullavarad SS (2007) Synthesis and characterization of monodispersed CdS nanoparticles in SiO2 fibers by sol–gel method. Photonics Nanostruct Fundam Appl 5(4):156–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.photonics.2007.03.001
Iijima S (1991) Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon. Nature 354(6348):56–58. https://doi.org/10.1038/354056a0
Illés E, Tombácz E (2006) The effect of humic acid adsorption on pH-dependent surface charging and aggregation of magnetite nanoparticles. J Colloid Interface Sci 295(1):115–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2005.08.003
Ishizaki M, Akiba S, Ohtani A, Hoshi Y, Ono K, MatsubaM KM (2013) Proton-exchange mechanism of specific Cs+ adsorption via lattice defect sites of Prussian blue filled with coordination and crystallization water molecules. Dalton Trans 42(45):16049. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3dt51637g
Jackson EA, Hillmyer MA (2010) Nanoporous membranes derived from block copolymers: from drug delivery to water filtration. ACS Nano 4(7):3548–3553. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn1014006
Jang SC, Hong SB, Yang HM, Lee KW, Moon JK, Seo BK, Roh C (2014) Removal of radioactive cesium using Prussian blue magnetic nanoparticles. Nanomaterials 4(4):894–901. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano4040894
Jin W, Lee IK, Kompch A, Dörfler U, Winterer M (2007) Chemical vapor synthesis and characterization of chromium doped zinc oxide nanoparticles. J Eur Ceram Soc 27(13–15):4333–4337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2007.02.152
Jordan N, Ritter A, Foerstendorf H, Scheinost AC, Weiß S, Heim K, Reuther H (2013) Adsorption mechanism of selenium(VI) onto maghemite. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 103:63–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2012.09.048
Joshi KM, Shrivastava VS (2011) Photocatalytic degradation of chromium (VI) from wastewater using nanomaterials like TiO2, ZnO, and CdS. Appl Nanosci 1(3):147–155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-011-0023-2
Jun BM, Kim S, Heo J, Park CM, Her N, Jang M, Yoon Y (2019) Review of MXenes as new nanomaterials for energy storage/delivery and selected environmental applications. Nano Res 12(3):471–487. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-018-2225-3
Jun BM, Jang M, Park CM, Han J, Yoon Y (2020) Selective adsorption of Cs+ by MXene (Ti3C2Tx) from model low-level radioactive wastewater. Nucl Eng Technol 52(6):1201–1207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.net.2019.11.020
Kabakchi SA, Putilov AV, Nazin ER (1995) Analysis of data and physicochemical modeling of the radiation accident in the Southern Urals in 1957. Atomic Energy 78(1):44–47
Kamat PV (2002) Photophysical, photochemical and photocatalytic aspects of metal nanoparticles. J Phys Chem B 106(32):7729–7744. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp0209289
Kaynar ÜH, Ayvacıklı M, Hiçsönmez Ü, ÇamKaynar S (2015) Removal of thorium (IV) ions from aqueous solution by a novel nanoporousZnO: isotherms, kinetic and thermodynamic studies. J Environ Radioact 150:145–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2015.08.014
Keepax RE, Moyes LN, Livens FR (2009) Speciation of heavy metals and radioisotopes. In: Sabljic A (ed) Environmental and ecological chemistry, vol 2. Eolss, Oxford, pp 165–199
Kemp KC, Seema H, Saleh M, Le NH, Mahesh K, Chandra V, Kim KS (2013) Environmental applications using graphene composites: water remediation and gas adsorption. Nanoscale 5(8):3149–3171. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3NR33708A
Khajeh M, Laurent S, Dastafkan K (2013) Nanoadsorbents: classification, preparation, and applications (with emphasis on aqueous media). Chem Rev 113(10):7728–7768. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr400086v
Kianfar E (2019) Nanozeolites: synthesized, properties, applications. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol 91(2):415–429. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-019-05012-4
Kim G, Choi W (2010) Charge-transfer surface complex of EDTA-TiO2 and its effect on photocatalysis under visible light. Appl Catal B Environ 100(1–2):77–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2010.07.014
Kim JF, Kim JH, Lee YM, Drioli E (2016) Thermally induced phase separation and electrospinning methods for emerging membrane applications: a review. AICHE J 62(2):461–490. https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.15076
Kiser MA, Westerhoff P, Benn T, Wang Y, Pérez-Rivera J, Hristovski K (2009) Titanium nanomaterial removal and release from wastewater treatment plants. Environ Sci Technol 43(17):6757–6763. https://doi.org/10.1021/es901102n
Kosari M, Sepehrian H (2016) Uranium removal from aqueous solution using ion-exchange resin DOWEX® 2x8 in the presence of sulfate anions. Int J Eng 29(12):1677–1683. https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.ije.2016.29.12c.06
Kostal J, Mulchandani A, Chen W (2001) Tunable biopolymers for heavy metal removal. Macromolecules 34(7):2257–2261. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma001973m
Ku Y, Jung IL (2001) Photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) in aqueous solutions by UV irradiation with the presence of titanium dioxide. Water Res 35(1):135–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1354(00)00098-1
Kukovecz Á, Balogi Z, Kónya Z, Toba M, Lentz P, Niwa SI, Kiricsi I (2002) Synthesis, characterisation and catalytic applications of sol–gel derived silica–phosphotungstic acid composites. Appl Catal A Gen 228(1–2):83–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-860X(01)00969-3
Kumar M, Grzelakowski M, Zilles J, Clark M, Meier W (2007) Highly permeable polymeric membranes based on the incorporation of the functional water channel protein aquaporin Z. Proc Natl Acad Sci 104(52):20719–20724. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0708762104
Kumar R, Khan MA, Haq N (2014) Application of carbon nanotubes in heavy metals remediation. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 44(9):1000–1035. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2012.741314
Kumar R, Ansari SA, Kandwal P, Mohapatra PK (2020) Pertraction of U (VI) through liquid membranes using monoamides as carrier ligands: experimental and theoretical studies. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 323(2):983–991. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-019-06998-5
Kurian M, Nair DS (2015) Heterogeneous Fenton behavior of nano nickel zinc ferrite catalysts in the degradation of 4-chlorophenol from water under neutral conditions. J Water Process Eng 8:e37–e49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2014.10.011
Kyung H, Lee J, Choi W (2005) Simultaneous and synergistic conversion of dyes and heavy metal ions in aqueous TiO2 suspensions under visible-light illumination. Environ Sci Technol 39(7):2376–2382. https://doi.org/10.1021/es0492788
Lagergren S (1898) About the theory of so-called adsorption of soluble substances. Kung Svenska Vet Hand 24:1–39 NII article ID (NAID): 10016440244
Lalia BS, Kochkodan V, Hashaikeh R, Hilal N (2013) A review on membrane fabrication: structure, properties and performance relationship. Desalination 326:77–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2013.06.016
Langmuir I (1918) The adsorption of gases on plane surfaces of glass, mica and platinum. J Am Chem Soc 40(9):1361–1403. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja02242a004
Lee HS, Im SJ, Kim JH, Kim HJ, Kim JP, Min BR (2008) Polyamide thin-film nanofiltration membranes containing TiO2 nanoparticles. Desalination 219(1–3):48–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2007.06.003
Lee KY, Kim KW, Park M, Kim J, Oh M, Lee EH, Moon JK (2016) Novel application of nanozeolite for radioactive cesium removal from high-salt wastewater. Water Res 95:134–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.02.052
Li D, Xia Y (2004) Direct fabrication of composite and ceramic hollow nanofibers by electrospinning. Nano Lett 4(5):933–938. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl049590f
Li YH, Ding J, Luan Z, Di Z, Zhu Y, Xu C, Wei B (2003) Competitive adsorption of Pb2+, Cu2+ and Cd2+ ions from aqueous solutions by multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Carbon 41(14):2787–2792. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0008-6223(03)00392-0
Li N, Zhang L, Chen Y, Tian Y, Wang H (2011) Adsorption behavior of Cu(II) onto titanate nanofibers prepared by alkali treatment. J Hazard Mater 189(1–2):265–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.02.031
Li Y, He G, Wang S, Yu S, Pan F, Wu H, Jiang Z (2013a) Recent advances in the fabrication of advanced composite membranes. J Mater Chem A 1(35):10058. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ta01652
Li X, Zhang M, Liu Y, Li X, Liu Y, Hua R, He C (2013b) Removal of U (VI) in aqueous solution by nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI). Water Qual Expo Health 5(1):31–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-013-0084-4
Li J, Chen C, Zhang R, Wang X (2015a) Nanoscale zero-valent Iron particles supported on reduced graphene oxides by using a plasma technique and their application for removal of heavy-metal ions. Chemistry–An Asian Journal 10(6):1410–1417. https://doi.org/10.1002/asia.201500242
Li L, Xu M, Chubik M, Gromov A, Han W (2015b) Entrapment of radioactive uranium from wastewater by using fungus-Fe3O4 bio-nanocomposites. RSC Adv 5(52):41611–41616. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ra03643g
Li J, Chen C, Zhang R, Wang X (2016) Reductive immobilization of Re (VII) by graphene modified nanoscale zero-valent iron particles using a plasma technique. SCIENCE CHINA Chem 59(1):150–158. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11426-015-5452-4
Li J, Wang X, Zhao G, Chen C, Chai Z, Alsaedi A, Wang X (2018) Metal–organic framework-based materials: superior adsorbents for the capture of toxic and radioactive metal ions. Chem Soc Rev 47(7):2322–2356. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7CS00543A
Li S, Wang L, Peng J, Zhai M, Shi W (2019) Efficient thorium (IV) removal by two-dimensional Ti2CTx MXene from aqueous solution. Chem Eng J 366:192–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.02.056
Liang HW, Guan QF, Chen LF, Zhu Z, Zhang WJ, Yu SH (2012) Macroscopic-scale template synthesis of robust carbonaceous nanofiber hydrogels and aerogels and their applications. Angew Chem Int Ed 51(21):5101–5105. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201200710
Lind ML, Ghosh AK, Jawor A, Huang X, Hou W, Yang Y, Hoek EMV (2009) Influence of zeolite crystal size on zeolite-polyamide thin film nanocomposite membranes. Langmuir 25(17):10139–10145. https://doi.org/10.1021/la900938x
Liu J, Zhao Z, Jiang G (2008) Coating Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles with humic acid for high efficient removal of heavy metals in water. Environ Sci Technol 42(18):6949–6954. https://doi.org/10.1021/es800924c
Liu L, Liu W, Zhao X, Chen D, Cai R, Yang W, Yang D (2014a) Selective capture of iodide from solutions by microrosette-like δ-Bi2O3. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 6(18):16082–16090. https://doi.org/10.1021/am504000n
Liu W, Sun W, Han Y, Ahmad M, Ni J (2014b) Adsorption of Cu(II) and Cd(II) on titanate nanomaterials synthesized via hydrothermal method under different NaOH concentrations: role of sodium content. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 452:138–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2014.03.093
Liu T, Wang ZL, Sun Y (2015) Manipulating the morphology of nanoscale zero-valent iron on pumice for removal of heavy metals from wastewater. Chem Eng J 263:55–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2014.11.046
Liu Z, Wang H, Ou J, Chen L, Ye M (2018) Construction of hierarchically porous monoliths from covalent organic frameworks (COFs) and their application for bisphenol A removal. J Hazard Mater 355:145–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.05.022
Liu X, Ma R, Wang X, Ma Y, Yang Y, Zhuang L, Wang X (2019) Graphene oxide-based materials for efficient removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous solution: a review. Environ Pollut. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.050
Lu C, Chiu H, Liu C (2006) Removal of zinc(II) from aqueous solution by purified carbon nanotubes: kinetics and equilibrium studies. Ind Eng Chem Res 45(8):2850–2855. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie051206h
Mahmoud ME, Saad EA, Soliman MA, Abdelwahab MS (2019) Removal of radioactive cobalt/zinc and some heavy metals from water using diethylenetriamine/2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde supported on NZVI. Microchem J 145:1102–1111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2018.12.032
Maity D, Agrawal DC (2007) Synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles under oxidizing environment and their stabilization in aqueous and non-aqueous media. J Magn Magn Mater 308(1):46–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2006.05.001
Matouq M, Jildeh N, Qtaishat M, Hindiyeh M, Al Syouf MQ (2015) The adsorption kinetics and modeling for heavy metals removal from wastewater by Moringa pods. J Environ Chem Eng 3(2):775–784. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2015.03.027
McKnight DM, Bencala KE, Zellweger GW, Aiken GR, Feder GL, Thorn KA (1992) Sorption of dissolved organic carbon by hydrous aluminum and iron oxides occurring at the confluence of deer creek with the Snake River, Summit County, Colorado. Environ Sci Technol 26(7):1388–1396. https://doi.org/10.1021/es00031a017
Meng Y, Zhang L, Chai L, Yu W, Wang T, Dai S, Wang H (2014) Facile and large-scale synthesis of poly(m-phenylenediamine) nanobelts with high surface area and superior dye adsorption ability. RSC Adv 4(85):45244–45250. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4ra06553k
Mirkin CA, Letsinger RL, Mucic RC, Storhoff JJ (1996) A DNA-based method for rationally assembling nanoparticles into macroscopic materials. Nature 382(6592):607–609. https://doi.org/10.1038/382607a0
Nassar NN (2010) Rapid removal and recovery of Pb(II) from wastewater by magnetic nanoadsorbents. J Hazard Mater 184(1–3):538–546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.08.069
Nel A, Xia T, Mädler L, Li N (2006) Toxic potential of materials at the nanolevel. Science 311:622–627. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1114397
Neyaz N, Siddiqui WA (2015) Removal of Cu (II) by modified magnetite nanocomposite as a nanosorbent. Int J Sci Res 4(2):1868–1873
Ni M, Leung MKH, Leung DYC, Sumathy K (2007) A review and recent developments in photocatalytic water-splitting using TiO2 for hydrogen production. Renew Sust Energ Rev 11(3):401–425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2005.01.009
Nishiyama Y, Hanafusa T, Yamashita J, Yamamoto Y, Ono T (2015) Adsorption and removal of strontium in aqueous solution by synthetic hydroxyapatite. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 307(2):1279–1285. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-015-4228-9
Noori M, Ahmadi A, Zendehdel M (2007) Comparative study between using natural and synthetic zeolites for the improvement of soil salinity and crop yield. Toxicol Environ Chem 89(2):233–241. https://doi.org/10.1080/02772240601035771
Nriagu JO, Pacyna JM (1988) Quantitative assessment of worldwide contamination of air, water and soils by trace metals. Nature 333(6169):134–139. https://doi.org/10.1038/333134a0
O’Carroll D, Sleep B, Krol M, Boparai H, Kocur C (2013) Nanoscale zero valent iron and bimetallic particles for contaminated site remediation. Adv Water Resour 51:104–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2012.02.005
Ollis DF (2003) Integrating photocatalysis and membrane technologies for water treatment. Ann N Y Acad Sci 984(1):65–84. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb05993.x
Oyewo OA, Onyango MS, Wolkersdorfer C (2016) Application of banana peels nanosorbent for the removal of radioactive minerals from real mine water. J Environ Radioact 164:369–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2016.08.014
Pacheco S, Tapia J, Medina M, Rodriguez R (2006) Cadmium ions adsorption in simulated wastewater using structured alumina–silica nanoparticles. J Non-Cryst Solids 352(52–54):5475–5481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2006.09.007
Pan B, Xing B (2008) Adsorption mechanisms of organic chemicals on carbon nanotubes. Environ Sci Technol 42(24):9005–9013. https://doi.org/10.1021/es801777n
Pan B, Pan B, Zhang W, Lv L, Zhang Q, Zheng S (2009) Development of polymeric and polymer-based hybrid adsorbents for pollutants removal from waters. Chem Eng J 151(1–3):19–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2009.02.036
Pang H, Diao Z, Wang X, Ma Y, Yu S, Zhu H, Wang X (2019a) Adsorptive and reductive removal of U (VI) by Dictyophora indusiate-derived biochar supported sulfide NZVI from wastewater. Chem Eng J 366:368–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.02.098
Pang H, Wu Y, Wang X, Hu B, Wang X (2019b) Recent advances in composites of graphene and layered double hydroxides for water remediation: a review. Chemistry–An Asian Journal 14(15):2542–2552. https://doi.org/10.1002/asia.201900493
Park H, Ayala P, Deshusses MA, Mulchandani A, Choi H, Myung NV (2008) Electrodeposition of maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) nanoparticles. Chem Eng J 139(1):208–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2007.10.025
Kumar P, Deep A, Kim KH (2015) Metal-organic frameworks for sensing applications. TrAC Trends Anal Chem 73:39–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2015.04.009
Pendergast MM, Hoek EMV (2011) A review of water treatment membrane nanotechnologies. Energy Environ Sci 4(6):1946. https://doi.org/10.1039/c0ee00541j
Petcharoen K, Sirivat A (2012) Synthesis and characterization of magnetite nanoparticles via the chemical co-precipitation method. Mater Sci Eng B 177(5):421–427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2012.01.003
Petrik L, Missengue R, Fatoba O, Tuffin M, Sachs J (2012) Silver/zeolite nano composite-based clay filters for water disinfection. Water Res Commission, WRC report (KV 297/12). ISSN: 9781431203062
Phiwdang K, Suphankij S, Mekprasart W, Pecharapa W (2013) Synthesis of CuO nanoparticles by precipitation method using different precursors. Energy Procedia 34:740–745 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2013.06.808
Qiu R, Zhang D, Diao Z, Huang X, He C, Morel JL, Xiong Y (2012) Visible light induced photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) over polymer-sensitized TiO2 and its synergism with phenol oxidation. Water Res 46(7):2299–2306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.01.046
Qu X, Alvarez PJJ, Li Q (2013) Applications of nanotechnology in water and wastewater treatment. Water Res 47(12):3931–3946. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.09.058
Ramakrishna S, Fujihara K, Teo WE, Yong T, Ma Z, Ramaseshan R (2006) Electrospun nanofibers: solving global issues. Mater Today 9(3):40–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1369-7021(06)71389-x
Ramanaiah SV, Mohan SV, Sarma PN (2007) Adsorptive removal of fluoride from aqueous phase using waste fungus (Pleurotus ostreatus 1804) biosorbent: kinetics evaluation. Ecol Eng 31(1):47–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2007.05.006
Rana D, Matsuura T, Kassim MA, Ismail AF (2013) Radioactive decontamination of water by membrane processes — a review. Desalination 321:77–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2012.11.007
Rana S, Sharma N, Ojha H, Shivkumar HG, Sultana S, Sharma RK (2014) P-Tertbutylcalix[4]arene nanoemulsion: preparation, characterization and comparative evaluation of its decontamination efficacy against Technetium-99m, Iodine-131 and Thallium-201. Colloids Surf B: Biointerfaces 117:114–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.02.001
Rao G, Lu C, Su F (2007) Sorption of divalent metal ions from aqueous solution by carbon nanotubes: a review. Sep Purif Technol 58(1):224–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2006.12.006
Reddad Z, Gerente C, Andres Y, Le Cloirec P (2002) Adsorption of several metal ions onto a low-cost biosorbent: kinetic and equilibrium studies. Environ Sci Technol 36(9):2067–2073. https://doi.org/10.1021/es0102989
Ren X, Chen C, Nagatsu M, Wang X (2011) Carbon nanotubes as adsorbents in environmental pollution management: a review. Chem Eng J 170(2–3):395–410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2010.08.045
RIAHI SM, Borghei SM, Olad A, Chaichi MJ (2011) Influence of polyaniline synthesis conditions on its capability for removal and recovery of chromium from aqueous solution. Iran J Chem Chem Eng 30:97–100
Romanchuk AY, Slesarev AS, Kalmykov SN, Kosynkin DV, Tour JM (2013) Graphene oxide for effective radionuclide removal. Phys Chem Chem Phys 15(7):2321. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2cp44593j
Sadeghi-Kiakhani M, Arami M, Gharanjig K (2012) Dye removal from colored-textile wastewater using chitosan-PPI dendrimer hybrid as a biopolymer: optimization, kinetic, and isotherm studies. J Appl Polym Sci 127(4):2607–2619. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.37615
Sahmoune MN, Louhab K, Boukhiar A (2010) Advanced biosorbents materials for removal of chromium from water and wastewaters. Environ Prog Sustain Energy 30(3):284–293. https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.10473
Salem Attia TM, Hu XL, Yin DQ (2014) Synthesised magnetic nanoparticles coated zeolite (MNCZ) for the removal of arsenic (As) from aqueous solution. J Exp Nanosci 9(6):551–560. https://doi.org/10.1080/17458080.2012.677549
Samani MR, Toghraie D (2019) Removal of hexavalent chromium from water using polyaniline/wood sawdust/poly ethylene glycol composite: an experimental study. J Environ Health Sci Eng 17(1):53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40201-018-00325-y
Santhosh C, Nivetha R, Kollu P, Srivastava V, Sillanpää M, Grace A , Bhatnagar A (2017) Removal of cationic and anionic heavy metals from water by 1D and 2D-carbon structures decorated with magnetic nanoparticles 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-14461-2
Sasaki T, Tanaka S (2012) Magnetic separation of cesium ion using Prussian blue modified magnetite. Chem Lett 41(1):32–34. https://doi.org/10.1246/cl.2012.32
Seyedi SM, Rabiee H, Shahabadi SMS, Borghei SM (2017) Synthesis of zero-valent iron nanoparticles via electrical wire explosion for efficient removal of heavy metals. CLEAN–Soil, Air, Water 45(3):1600139. https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.201600139
Sha L, Xueyi G, Ningchuan F, Qinghua T (2009) Adsorption of Cu2+ and Cd2+ from aqueous solution by mercapto-acetic acid modified orange peel. Colloids Surf B: Biointerfaces 73(1):10–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2009.04.021
Shahmirzadi MAA., Kargari A (2018) Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran. Emerging technologies for sustainable desalination handbook, 285. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-815818-0.00009-6
Shahwan T, Abu Sirriah S, Nairat M, Boyacı E, Eroğlu AE, Scott TB, Hallam KR (2011) Green synthesis of iron nanoparticles and their application as a Fenton-like catalyst for the degradation of aqueous cationic and anionic dyes. Chem Eng J 172(1):258–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.05.103
Shahzad A, Rasool K, Miran W, Nawaz M, Jang J, Mahmoud KA, Lee DS (2017) Two-dimensional Ti3C2T x MXene nanosheets for efficient copper removal from water. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 5(12):11481–11488. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b02695
Shahzad A, Rasool K, Miran W, Nawaz M, Jang J, Mahmoud KA, Lee DS (2018) Mercuric ion capturing by recoverable titanium carbide magnetic nanocomposite. J Hazard Mater 344:811–818. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.11.026
Shameli K, Ahmad MB, Zargar M, Yunus WMZW, Ibrahim NA (2011) Fabrication of silver nanoparticles doped in the zeolite framework and antibacterial activity. Int J Nanomedicine 6:331. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S16964
Shan SJ, Zhao Y, Tang H, Cui FY (2017) A mini-review of carbonaceous nanomaterials for removal of contaminants from wastewater. IOP Conf Series: Earth and Environmental Science 68:012003. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/68/1/012003
Shao D, Hu J, Wang X (2010) Plasma induced grafting multiwalled carbon nanotube with chitosan and its application for removal of UO, Cu2+, and Pb2+ from aqueous solutions. Plasma Process Polym 7(12):977–985. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppap.201000062
Sharma V, Sharma A (2014) Nanotechnology: an emerging future trend in wastewater treatment with its innovative products and processes. International journal of enhanced research in science technology and engineering 1(2). ISSN no: 2319-7463
Sharma N, Ojha H, Bharadwaj A, Pathak DP, Sharma RK (2015) Preparation and catalytic applications of nanomaterials: a review. RSC Adv 5(66):53381–53403. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA06778B
Sharma S, Rana S, Thakkar A, Baldi A, Murthy RSR, Sharma RK (2016) Physical, chemical and phytoremediation technique for removal of heavy metals. J Heavy Metal Toxicity Dis 1(2):1–15. https://doi.org/10.21767/2473-6457.100010
Sharma N, Kakkar R, Bansal P, Singh A, Ojha H, Pathak DP, Sharma RK (2018) Host–guest complexation studies of [4] against ions of interest for radiological decontamination. Inorg Chim Acta. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ica.2018.09.007
Sheha RR, Moussa SI, Attia MA, Sadeek SA, Someda HH (2016) Novel substituted hydroxyapatite nanoparticles as a solid phase for removal of Co(II) and Eu(III) ions from aqueous solutions. J Environ Chem Eng 4(4):4808–4816. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2016.11.005
Sheng G, Yang P, Tang Y, Hu Q, Li H, Ren X, Huang Y (2016) New insights into the primary roles of diatomite in the enhanced sequestration of UO22+ by zerovalent iron nanoparticles: an advanced approach utilizing XPS and EXAFS. Appl Catal B Environ 193:189–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.04.035
Singh K, Raj B (2015) Influence of temperature on MWCNT bundle, SWCNT bundle and copper interconnects for nanoscaled technology nodes. J Mater Sci Mater Electron 26:6134–6142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-015-3193-y
Sonar NL, Pardeshi V, Shukla R, Sonavane MS, Valsala TP, Kulkarni Y, Manchanda VK (2010) Evaluation of nickel sulphide prepared by different routes for removal of 106Ru from alkaline radioactive liquid waste. Sep Sci Technol 45(14):2064–2075. https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2010.504450
Song S, Liu Z, He Z, Zhang A, Chen J, Yang Y, Xu X (2010) Impacts of morphology and crystallite phases of titanium oxide on the catalytic ozonation of phenol. Environ Sci Technol 44(10):3913–3918. https://doi.org/10.1021/es100456n
Song W, Liu M, Hu R, Tan X, Li J (2014) Water-soluble polyacrylamide coated-Fe3O4 magnetic composites for high-efficient enrichment of U(VI) from radioactive wastewater. Chem Eng J 246:268–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2014.02.101
Srivastava V, Gusain D, Sharma YC (2013) Synthesis, characterization and application of zinc oxide nanoparticles (n-ZnO). Ceram Int 39(8):9803–9808. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2013.04.110
Stafiej A, Pyrzynska K (2007) Adsorption of heavy metal ions with carbon nanotubes. Sep Purif Technol 58(1):49–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2007.07.008
Su Z, Zhang L, Chai L, Yu W, Wang H, Shi Y (2013) Methanol-induced formation of 1D poly(m-phenylenediamine) by conventional chemical oxidative polymerization exhibiting superior Ag+ adsorption ability. RSC Adv 3(23):8660. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ra41568f
Su Z, Zhang L, Chai L, Wang H, Yu W, Wang T, Yang J (2014) High-yield synthesis of poly(m-phenylenediamine) hollow nanostructures by a diethanolamine-assisted method and their enhanced ability for Ag+ adsorption. New J Chem 38(8):3984–3991. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4nj00323c
Sun SP, Lemley AT (2011) p-Nitrophenol degradation by a heterogeneous Fenton-like reaction on nano-magnetite: process optimization, kinetics, and degradation pathways. J Mol Catal A Chem 349(1–2):71–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcata.2011.08.022
Sun Y, Yang S, Sheng G, Guo Z, Tan X, Xu J, Wang X (2011) Comparison of U(VI) removal from contaminated groundwater by nanoporous alumina and non-nanoporous alumina. Sep Purif Technol 83:196–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2011.09.050
Sun J, Liu L, Zhao X, Yang S, Komarneni S, Yang D (2015) Capture of radioactive cations from water using niobate nanomaterials with layered and tunnel structures. RSC Adv 5(92):75354–75359. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ra10907
Swihart MT (2003) Vapor-phase synthesis of nanoparticles. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 8(1):127–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-0294(03)00007-4
Takami S, Sato T, Mousavand T, Ohara S, Umetsu M, Adschiri T (2007) Hydrothermal synthesis of surface-modified iron oxide nanoparticles. Mater Lett 61(26):4769–4772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2007.03.024
Takata H, Kusakabe M, Inatomi N, Ikenoue T (2018) Appearances of Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant-derived 137Cs in coastal waters around Japan: results from marine monitoring off nuclear power plants and facilities, 1983–2016. Environ Sci Technol 52(5):2629–2637. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b03956
Thammawong C, Opaprakasit P, Tangboriboonrat P, Sreearunothai P (2013) Prussian blue-coated magnetic nanoparticles for removal of cesium from contaminated environment. J Nanoparticle Res 15(6). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-013-1689-z
Thareja RK, Shukla S (2007) Synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles by laser ablation of zinc in liquid. Appl Surf Sci 253(22):8889–8895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.04.088
Tu YJ, You CF, Zhang Z, Duan Y, Fu J, Xu D (2016) Strontium removal in seawater by means of composite magnetic nanoparticles derived from industrial sludge. Water 8(8):357. https://doi.org/10.3390/w8080357
Turki A, Guillard C, Dappozze F, Ksibi Z, Berhault G, Kochkar H (2015) Phenol photocatalytic degradation over anisotropic TiO2 nanomaterials: kinetic study, adsorption isotherms and formal mechanisms. Appl Catal B Environ 163:404–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2014.08.010
Tuukkane J, Nakamura M (2017) Hydroxyapatite as a nanomaterial for advanced tissue engineering and drug therapy. Curr Pharm Des 23(26):3786–3793. https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612823666170615105454
US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) (2006) Inorganic contaminant accumulation in potable water distribution systems.
Üzüm Ç, Shahwan T, Eroğlu AE, Lieberwirth I, Scott TB, Hallam KR (2008) Application of zero-valent iron nanoparticles for the removal of aqueous Co2+ ions under various experimental conditions. Chem Eng J 144(2):213–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2008.01.024
Vipin AK, Fugetsu B, Sakata I, Isogai A, Endo M, Li M, Dresselhaus MS (2016) Cellulose nanofiber backboned Prussian blue nanoparticles as powerful adsorbents for the selective elimination of radioactive cesium. Sci Rep 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep37009
Vollath D (2008) Nanomaterials: an introduction to synthesis, properties and applications. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co, KGaA, Weinheim
Wang J, Deng B, Chen H, Wang X, Zheng J (2009) Removal of aqueous Hg(II) by polyaniline: sorption characteristics and mechanisms. Environ Sci Technol 43(14):5223–5228. https://doi.org/10.1021/es803710k
Wang L, Yuan L, Chen K, Zhang Y, Deng Q, Du S, Barsoum MW (2016a) Loading actinides in multilayered structures for nuclear waste treatment: the first case study of uranium capture with vanadium carbide MXene. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 8(25):16396–16403. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b02989
Wang W, Hua Y, Li S, Yan W, Zhang WX (2016b) Removal of Pb (II) and Zn (II) using lime and nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI): a comparative study. Chem Eng J 304:79–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2016.06.069
Wang L, Tao W, Yuan L, Liu Z, Huang Q, Chai Z, Shi W (2017) Rational control of the interlayer space inside two-dimensional titanium carbides for highly efficient uranium removal and imprisonment. Chem Commun 53(89):12084–12087. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7CC06740B
Wang WW, Zhu YJ, Ruan ML (2007) Microwave-assisted synthesis and magnetic property of magnetite and hematite nanoparticles. J Nanopart Res 9(3):419–426. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-005-9051-8
Wang XK, Chen CL, Hu WP, Ding AP, Xu D, Zhou X (2005) Sorption of 243Am(III) to multiwall carbon nanotubes. Environ Sci Technol 39:2856–2860. https://doi.org/10.1021/es048287d
Wang X, Li X, Wang J, Zhu H (2020) Recent advances in carbon nitride-based nanomaterials for the removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous solution. J Inorg Mater 35(3):260–270. https://doi.org/10.15541/jim20190436
Wang X-X, Yu S-J, Wang X-K (2019) Removal of radionuclides by metal-organic framework-based materials. J Inorg Mater 34:17–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2019.213093
Wang X, Yu S, Jin J, Wang H, Alharbi NS, Alsaedi A, Wang X (2016c) Application of graphene oxides and graphene oxide-based nanomaterials in radionuclide removal from aqueous solutions. Sci Bull 61(20):1583–1593. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-016-1168-x
Wang X, Zhang S, Li J, Xu J, Wang X (2014) Fabrication of Fe/Fe 3 C@ porous carbon sheets from biomass and their application for simultaneous reduction and adsorption of uranium (VI) from solution. Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers 1(8):641–648. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4QI00071D
Wang Z, Zhang X, Wang J, Zou L, Liu Z, Hao Z (2013) Preparation and capacitance properties of graphene/NiAl layered double-hydroxide nanocomposite. J Colloid Interface Sci 396:251–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2013.01.013
Wasserman H (2009) People Died at Three Mile Island. CounterPunch. Retrieved September 2, 2015.https://www.counterpunch.org/2009/03/24/people-died-at-three-mile-island. Last accessed: 29 May 2020
Wei Z, Xing R, Zhang X, Liu S, Yu H, Li P (2013) Facile template-free fabrication of hollow nestlike α-Fe2O3 nanostructures for water treatment. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 5(3):598–604. https://doi.org/10.1021/am301950k
Weitkamp J (2000) Zeolites and catalysis. Solid State Ionics 131(1–2):175–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-2738(00)00632-9
Wen T, Zhao Z, Shen C, Li J, Tan X, Zeb A, Xu AW (2016) Multifunctional flexible free-standing titanate nanobelt membranes as efficient sorbents for the removal of radioactive 90Sr2+ and 137Cs+ ions and oils. Sci Rep 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep20920
Wingenfelder U, Hansen C, Furrer G, Schulin R (2005) Removal of heavy metals from mine waters by natural zeolites. Environ Sci Technol 39(12):4606–4613. https://doi.org/10.1021/es048482s
Wu L, Shamsuzzoha M, Ritchie SMC (2005) Preparation of cellulose acetate supported zero-valent iron nanoparticles for the dechlorination of trichloroethylene in water. J Nanopart Res 7:469–476. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-005-4271-5
Wu W, He Q, Jiang C (2008) Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: synthesis and surface functionalization strategies. Nanoscale Res Lett 3(11):397. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11671-008-9174-9
Wu XL, Wang L, Chen CL, Xu AW, Wang XK (2011) Water-dispersible magnetite-graphene-LDH composites for efficient arsenate removal. J Mater Chem 21(43):17353–17359. https://doi.org/10.1039/C1JM12678D
Wu Y, Pang H, Yao W, Wang X, Yu S, Yu Z, Wang X (2018) Synthesis of rod-like metal-organic framework (MOF-5) nanomaterial for efficient removal of U (VI): batch experiments and spectroscopy study. Sci Bull 63(13):831–839. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2018.05.021
Xiao C, Silver MA, Wang S (2017) Metal–organic frameworks for radionuclide sequestration from aqueous solution: a brief overview and outlook. Dalton Trans 46(47):16381–16386. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7DT03670A
Xiong L, Chen C, Chen Q, Ni J (2011) Adsorption of Pb(II) and Cd(II) from aqueous solutions using titanate nanotubes prepared via hydrothermal method. J Hazard Mater 189(3):741–748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.03.006
Xu M, Wang H, Lei D, Qu D, Zhai Y, Wang Y (2013) Removal of Pb(II) from aqueous solution by hydrous manganese dioxide: adsorption behavior and mechanism. J Environ Sci 25(3):479–486. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1001-0742(12)60100-4
Xu J, Li Y, Jing C, Zhang H, Ning Y (2014) Removal of uranium from aqueous solution using montmorillonite-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 299(1):329–336. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-013-2779-1
Xu D, Samways DS, Dong H (2017) Fabrication of self-assembling nanofibers with optimal cell uptake and therapeutic delivery efficacy. Bioactive materials 2(4):260–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2017.09.001
Xuan S, Hao L, Jiang W, Gong X, Hu Y, Chen Z (2007) Preparation of water-soluble magnetite nanocrystals through hydrothermal approach. J Magn Magn Mater 308(2):210–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2006.05.017
Yang JC, Yin XB (2017) CoFe2O4@ MIL-100 (Fe) hybrid magnetic nanoparticles exhibit fast and selective adsorption of arsenic with high adsorption capacity. Sci Rep 7:40955. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep40955
Yang D, Zheng Z, Liu H, Zhu H, Ke X, Xu Y, Sun Y (2008) Layered titanate nanofibers as efficient adsorbents for removal of toxic radioactive and heavy metal ions from water. J Phys Chem C 112(42):16275–16280. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp803826g
Yang CX, Liu C, Cao YM, Yan XP (2015) Facile room-temperature solution-phase synthesis of a spherical covalent organic framework for high-resolution chromatographic separation. Chem Commun 51(61):12254–12257. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5CC03413B
Yang J, Hou B, Wang J, Tian B, Bi J, Wang N, Huang X (2019) Nanomaterials for the removal of heavy metals from wastewater. Nanomaterials 9(3):424. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9030424
Yang S, Li Q, Chen L, Chen Z, Hu B, Wang H, Wang X (2020) Synergistic removal and reduction of U (VI) and Cr (VI) by Fe3S4 micro-crystal. Chem Eng J 385:123909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.123909
Yao W, Wu Y, Pang H, Wang X, Yu S, Wang X (2018) In-situ reduction synthesis of manganese dioxide@ polypyrrole core/shell nanomaterial for highly efficient enrichment of U (VI) and Eu (III). SCIENCE CHINA Chem 61(7):812–823. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11426-017-9225-5
Yavuz CT, Mayo JT, Yu WW, Prakash A, Falkner JC, Yean S, Colvin VL (2006) Low-field magnetic separation of monodisperse Fe3O4 nanocrystals. Science 314(5801):964–967. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1131475
Yin L, Hu B, Zhuang L, Fu D, Li J, Hayat T, Wang X (2020) Synthesis of flexible cross-linked cryptomelane-type manganese oxide nanowire membranes and their application for U (VI) and Eu (III) elimination from solutions. Chem Eng J 381:122744. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-020-1229-x
Yu JC, Ho W, Lin J, Yip H, Wong PK (2003) Photocatalytic activity, antibacterial effect, and photoinduced hydrophilicity of TiO2 films coated on a stainless steel substrate. Environ Sci Technol 37(10):2296–2301. https://doi.org/10.1021/es0259483
Yu W, Zhang L, Meng Y, Dai S, Su Z, Chai L, Wang H (2013a) High conversion synthesis of functional poly(m-phenylenediamine) nanoparticles by Cu-OH-assisted method and its superior ability toward Ag+ adsorption. Synth Met 176:78–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2013.05.032
Yu W, Zhang L, Wang H, Chai L (2013b) Adsorption of Cr(VI) using synthetic poly(m-phenylenediamine). J Hazard Mater 260:789–795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.06.045
Yu S, Wang J, Song S, Sun K, Li J, Wang X, Wang X (2017) One-pot synthesis of graphene oxide and Ni-Al layered double hydroxides nanocomposites for the efficient removal of U (VI) from wastewater. SCIENCE CHINA Chem 60(3):415–422. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11426-016-0420-8
Yu S, Yin L, Pang H, Wu Y, Wang X, Zhang P, Wang X (2018) Constructing sphere-like cobalt-molybdenum-nickel ternary hydroxide and calcined ternary oxide nanocomposites for efficient removal of U (VI) from aqueous solutions. Chem Eng J 352:360–370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.07.033
Yuan X, Wang Y, Wang J, Zhou C, Tang Q, Rao X (2013) Calcined graphene/MgAl-layered double hydroxides for enhanced Cr (VI) removal. Chem Eng J 221:204–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2013.01.090
Zakrzewska-Trznadel G (2013) Advances in membrane technologies for the treatment of liquid radioactive waste. Desalination 321:119–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2013.02.022
Zare EN, Motahari A, Sillanpää M (2018) Nanoadsorbents based on conducting polymer nanocomposites with main focus on polyaniline and its derivatives for removal of heavy metal ions/dyes: a review. Environ Res 162:173–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.12.025
Zarime NA, Yaacob WZW, Jamil H (2018, April) Removal of heavy metals using bentonite supported nano-zero valent iron particles. In AIP Conference Proc 1940(1):020029
Zeng WM, Gao L, Guo JK (1998) A new sol-gel route using inorganic salt for synthesizing Al2O3 nanopowders. Nanostruct Mater 10(4):543–550. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0965-9773(98)00095-6
Zhang X, Liu Y (2020) Nanomaterials for radioactive wastewater decontamination. Environ Sci: Nano 7(4):1008–1040. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9EN01341E
Zhang Z, Hao ZW, Liu WL, Xu XH (2009) Synchronous treatment of heavy metal ions and nitrate by zero-valent iron. Huan jing ke xue= Huanjing kexue 30(3):775–779
Zhang S, Wang R, Zhang S, Li G, Zhang Y (2013a) Development of phosphorylated silica nanotubes (PSNTs)/polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) composite membranes for wastewater treatment. Chem Eng J 230:260–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2013.06.098
Zhang F, Ge Z, Grimaud J, Hurst J, He Z (2013b) Long-term performance of liter-scale microbial fuel cells treating primary effluent installed in a municipal wastewater treatment facility. Environ Sci Technol 47(9):4941–4948. https://doi.org/10.1021/es400631r
Zhang G, Kim G, Choi W (2014a) Visible light driven photocatalysis mediated via ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT): an alternative approach to solar activation of titania. Energy Environ Sci 7(3):954. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ee43147a
Zhang S, Wang X, Li J, Wen T, Xu J, Wang X (2014) Efficient removal of a typical dye and Cr() reduction using N-doped magnetic porous carbon. RSC Adv 4(108):63110–63117
Zhang S, Wang X, Li J, Wen T, Xu J, Wang X (2014b) Efficient removal of a typical dye and Cr (VI) reduction using N-doped magnetic porous carbon. RSC Adv 4(108):63110–63117. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4ra10189h
Zhang X, Lin B, Zhao K, Wei J, Guo J, Cui W, Li J (2015) A free-standing calcium alginate/polyacrylamide hydrogel nanofiltration membrane with high anti-fouling performance: preparation and characterization. Desalination 365:234–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2015.03.015
Zhang Y, Wu B, Xu H, Liu H, Wang M, He Y, Pan B (2016a) Nanomaterials-enabled water and wastewater treatment. NanoImpact 3-4:22–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.impact.2016.09.004
Zhang YJ, Lan JH, Wang L, Wu QY, Wang CZ, Bo T, Shi WQ (2016b) Adsorption of uranyl species on hydroxylated titanium carbide nanosheet: a first-principles study. J Hazard Mater 308:402–410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.01.053
Zhang YJ, Zhou ZJ, Lan JH, Ge CC, Chai ZF, Zhang P, Shi WQ (2017) Theoretical insights into the uranyl adsorption behavior on vanadium carbide MXene. Appl Surf Sci 426:572–578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.07.227
Zhang Y, Wang L, Zhang N, Zhou Z (2018) Adsorptive environmental applications of MXene nanomaterials: a review. RSC Adv 8(36):19895–19905. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8RA03077D
Zhang W, Chen Y, Huynh T, Yang Y, Yang X, Zhou R (2020) Directional extraction and penetration of phosphorene nanosheets to cell membranes. Nanoscale. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9NR09577B
Zhao G, Li J, Ren X, Chen C, Wang X (2011) Few-layered graphene oxide nanosheets as superior sorbents for heavy metal ion pollution management. Environ Sci Technol 45(24):10454–10462. https://doi.org/10.1021/es203439v
Zhao Y, Li J, Zhang S, Chen H, Shao (2013) Efficient enrichment of uranium (VI) on amidoximated magnetite/graphene oxide composites. RSC Adv 3(41):18952–18959. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3RA42236D
Zhao Y, Li J, Zhao L, Zhang S, Huang Y, Wu X, Wang X (2014) Synthesis of amidoxime-functionalized Fe3O4@SiO2 core–shell magnetic microspheres for highly efficient sorption of U(VI). Chem Eng J 235:275–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2013.09.034
Zheng P, Wu N (2017) Fluorescence and sensing applications of graphene oxide and graphene quantum dots: a review. Chemistry–An Asian Journal 12(18):2343–2353. https://doi.org/10.1002/asia.201700814
Zhong LS, Hu JS, Liang HP, Cao AM, Song WG, Wan LJ (2006) Self-assembled 3D flowerlike iron oxide nanostructures and their application in water treatment. Adv Mater 18(18):2426–2431. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200600504
Zhong X, Liang W, Lu Z, Hu B (2020) Highly efficient enrichment mechanism of U (VI) and Eu (III) by covalent organic frameworks with intramolecular hydrogen-bonding from solutions. Appl Surf Sci 504:144403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.144403
Zhou W (2003) Pt based anode catalysts for direct ethanol fuel cells. Appl Catal B Environ 46(2):273–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0926-3373(03)00218-2
Zhou C, Shi Y, Sun C, Yu S, Liu M, Gao C (2014) Thin-film composite membranes formed by interfacial polymerization with natural material sericin and trimesoyl chloride for nanofiltration. J Membr Sci 471:381–391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2014.08.033
Zhu K, Chen C (2019) Application of nZVI and its composites into the treatment of toxic/radioactive metal ions. In Interface Sci Technol Elsevier 29:281–330. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102727-1.00006-6
Zhu H, Jiang R, Xiao L, Chang Y, Guan Y, Li X, Zeng G (2009) Photocatalytic decolorization and degradation of Congo Red on innovative crosslinked chitosan/nano-CdS composite catalyst under visible light irradiation. J Hazard Mater 169(1–3):933–940. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.04.037
Zhu J, Xiao P, Li H, Carabineiro SA (2014) Graphitic carbon nitride: synthesis, properties, and applications in catalysis. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 6(19):16449–16465. https://doi.org/10.1021/am502925j
Zhuang P, Zhang P, Li K, Kumari B, Li D, Mei X (2019) Silver nanoclusters encapsulated into metal–organic frameworks for rapid removal of heavy metal ions from water. Molecules 24(13):2442. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24132442
Zou Y, Wang X, Khan A, Wang P, Liu Y, Alsaedi A, Wang X (2016) Environmental remediation and application of nanoscale zero-valent iron and its composites for the removal of heavy metal ions: a review. Environ Sci Technol 50(14):7290–7304. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b01897
Funding
The authors are grateful to the Director, INMAS Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO) and DST-TMD under project no. DST/TMD/EWO/WTI/2K18/05 (C), for the financial support of the work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Georg Steinhauser
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kumar, V., Katyal, D. & Nayak, S. Removal of heavy metals and radionuclides from water using nanomaterials: current scenario and future prospects. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27, 41199–41224 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10348-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10348-4