Abstract
The update of pipeline was quick over the last few years and the plastic pipes were widely used in the drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs), especially in the small-diameter pipes. In this study, the iron adsorptive characteristics and the affecting factors in unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U) pipe were investigated. Results showed that the average amount of iron in the 10-year-old PVC-U pipe’s interior surface was 2.80 wt% which was almost 187 times larger than that in a new one. Goethite (α-FeOOH) and magnetite (Fe3O4) were the major iron compounds in the scales which covered on the old pipes’ interior surface and showed loose and porous images under a scanning electron microscope. Moreover, the influence of the iron concentration on the adsorption amount and rate was discussed. The adsorption amount was significantly influenced by iron concentration, but similar adsorption rate was discovered. Notably, iron was quantitatively adsorbed by PVC-U pipe during the experimental period in accordance with the pseudo second order kinetic model. Meanwhile, regression model and response surface methodology were used to analyze the regular of iron adsorption in different concentrations of chloride (Cl−), sulfate (SO4 2−), and hydroxyl (OH−). It can be concluded that Cl− and OH− showed the strong ability of iron adsorption which were larger than SO4 2−.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Azizian S (2004) Kinetic models of sorption: a theoretical analysis. J Colloid Interf Sci 276(1):47–52
Burn S., Davis P. and Schiller T. (2009) Long term performance prediction for PVC pipe. IWA Publishing
Cerrato JM, Reyes LP, Alvarado CN, Dietrich AM (2006) Effect of PVC and iron materials on Mn(II) deposition in drinking water distribution systems. Water Res 40(14):2720–2726
Chen CH, Wesson RD, Collier JR, Lo YW (1995) Studies of rigid poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) compounds. IV. Fusion characteristics and morphology analyses. J Appl Polym Sci 58(7):1107–1115
Chiou MS, Li HY (2002) Equilibrium and kinetic modeling of adsorption of reactive dye on cross-linked chitosan beads. J Hazard Mater 93(2):233–248
Choi J, Choi BG, Hong S (2015) Effects of NF treated water on corrosion of pipe distribution system and its implications to blending with conventionally treated water. Desalination 360:138–145
Chu KH, Hashim MA (2003) Modeling batch equilibrium and kinetics of copper removal by crab shell. Sep Sci Technol 38(16):3927–3950
Chung S, Kosari T, Li TQ, Oliphant K, Vibien P, Zhang JG (2007) An examinatuin of field failures of plastic piping system components in potable water application. Annual Technical Conference - ANTEC Conference Proceedings 5:2894
Edwards M, Triantafyllidou S (2007) Chloride-to-sulfate mass ratio and lead leaching to water. J Am Water Works Ass 99(7):96–109
Fabbricino M, Korshin GV (2014) Changes of the corrosion potential of iron in stagnation and flow conditions and their relationship with metal release. Water Res 62:136–146
Gerke TL, Maynard JB, Schock MR, Lytle DL (2008) Physiochemical characterization of five iron tubercles from a single drinking water distribution system: possible new insights on their formation and grow. Corros Sci 50(7):2030–2039
Ho YS (2006) Review of second-order models for adsorption systems. J Hazard Mater 136(3):681–689
Ho YS, McKay G (1999) Batch lead (II) removal from aqueous solution by peat: equilibrium and kinetics. Process Saf and Environ Prot 77(B3):165–173
Hong PKA, Macauley YY (1998) Corrosion and leaching of copper tubing exposed to chlorinated drinking water. Water Air Soil Poll 108(3–4):457–471
Jin XZ, Chen JG, Hang W, Huang BL (2007) Determination of lead, cadmium, chromium, mercury in PVC and its products by low pressure microwaveasisted clised digestion-ICP-AES. Chinese J Lab 26(8):80–83
Joanna S, Tomasz L, Ivan K (2015) Adsorption of natural organic matter onto the products of water-pipe corrosion. Water Air Soil Poll 226(7):1–9
Kerr CJ, Osborn KS, Roboson GD, Handley PS (1999) The relationship between pipe material and biofilm formation in a laboratory model system. J Appl Microbiol 85:29S–38S
Kockal NU, Ozturan T (2011) Optimization of properties of fly ash aggregates for high-strength lightweight concrete production. Mater Design 32(6):3586–3593
Lee J, Lee CS, Hugunin KM, Maute CJ, Dysko RC (2010) Bacteria from drinking water supply and their fate in gastrointestinal tracts of germ-free mice: a phylogenetic comparison study. Water Res 44(17):5050–5058
Lenartowicz M, Swinarew B, Swinarew A, Rymarz G (2014) The evaluation of long-term aged PVC. Int J Polym Anal Ch 19(7):611–624
Li X, Wang H, Hu C, Yang M, Hu H, Niu J (2015) Characteristics of biofilms and iron corrosion scales with ground and surface waters in drinking water distribution systems. Corros Sci 90:331–339
Lin J, Ellaway M, Adrien R (2001) Study of corrosion material accumulated on the inner wall of steel water pipe. Corros Sci 43(11):2065–2081
Liu HZ, Schonberger KD, Korshin GV, Ferguson JF, Meyerhofer P, Desormeaux E, Luckenbach H (2010) Effects of blending of desalinated water with treated surface drinking water on copper and lead release. Water Res 44(14):4057–4066
Martendal E, Budziak D, Carasek E (2007) Application of fractional factorial experimental and Box-Behnken designs for optimization of single-drop microextraction of 2,4,6-trichloroanisole and 2,4,6-tribromoanisole from wine samples. J Chromatogr A 1148(2):131–136
McCoy MA, Liapis AI (1991) Evaluation of kinetic models for biospecific adsorption and its implications for finite bath and column performance. J Chromatogr A 548:25–60
Mohamed HI, Abozeid G (2011) Dynamic simulation of pressure head and chlorine concentration in the city of Asyut water supply network in abnormal operating conditions. Arab J Sci Eng 36(2):173–184
Niquette P, Servais P, Savoir R (2000) Impacts of pipe materials on densities of fixed bacterial biomass in a drinking water distribution system. Water Res 34(6):1952–1956
Peng CY, Ferguson JF, Korshin GV (2013) Effects of chloride, sulfate and natural organic matter (NOM) on the accumulation and release of trace-level inorganic contaminants from corroding iron. Water Res 47(14):5257–5269
Popuri SR, Vijaya Y, Boddu VM, Abburi K (2009) Adsorptive removal of copper and nickel ions from water using chitosan coated PVC beads. Bioresour Technol 100(1):194–199
Rahman MS, Gagnon GA (2014) Bench-scale evaluation of drinking water treatment parameters on iron particles and water quality. Water Res 48:137–147
Rémazeilles C, Refait P (2007) On the formation of β-FeOOH (akaganéite) in chloride-containing environments. Corros Sci 49(2):844–857
Sarin P, Clement JA, Snoeyink VL, Kriven WW (2003) Iron release from corroded unlined cast-iron pipe. J Am Water Works Ass 95(11):85–97
Sarin P, Snoeyink VL, Bebee J, Jim KK, Beckett MA, Kriven WM, Clement JA (2004) Iron release from corroded iron pipes in drinking water distribution systems: effect of dissolved oxygen. Water Res 38(5):1259–1269
Sharma SK, Kappelhof J, Groenendijk M, Schippers JC (2001) Comparison of physicochemical iron removal mechanisms in filters. J Water Supply Res T 50(4):187–198
Tao T, Xin KL (2014) A sustainable plan for China’s drinking water. Nature 511(7511):527–528
Torrent J, Guzman R (1982) Crystallization of Fe (III) oxides from ferrihydrite in salt solutions—osmotic and specific ion effects. Clay Miner 17:463–469
Vlyssides A, Moutsatsou A, Mai S, Barampouti EM (2005) Effect of oxidation pretreatment by hydrogen peroxide on iron removal from wastewater of a sulfuric acid iron-pickling process. Environ Prog 24(1):82–87
Wols BA, van Thienen P (2014) Impact of weather conditions on pipe failure: a statistical analysis. J Water Supply Res T 63(3):212–223
Xie YJ, Giammar DE (2011) Effects of flow and water chemistry on lead release rates from pipe scales. Water Res 45(19):6525–6534
Yang F, Shi B, Gu JN, Wang DS, Yang M (2012) Morphological and physicochemical characteristics of iron corrosion scales formed under different water source histories in a drinking water distribution system. Water Res 46(16):5423–5433
Yang F, Shi B, Bai Y, Sun H, Lytle DA, Wang D (2014) Effect of sulfate on the transformation of corrosion scale composition and bacterial community in cast iron water distribution pipes. Water Res 59:46–57
Yu W, Azhdar B, Andersson D, Reitberger T, Hassinen J, Hjertberg T, Gedde UW (2011) Deterioration of polyethylene pipes exposed to water containing chlorine dioxide. Polym Degrad Stabil 96(5):790–797
Zhang Z, Stout JE, Yu VL, Vidic R (2008) Effect of pipe corrosion scales on chlorine dioxide consumption in drinking water distribution systems. Water Res 42(1–2):129–136
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to the National Natural Science Foundation of China for their financial support (No.51478326 and No.51378374).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, J.Y., Li, SP., Xin, KL. et al. Equilibrium and kinetic modeling of iron adsorption and the effect by chloride, sulfate, and hydroxyl: evaluation of PVC-U drinking pipes. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23, 23902–23910 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7646-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7646-5