Abstract
Water quality standards (WQS) are the most important tool for protection of quality of aquatic environments in China and play a decisive role in the management of China’s aquatic environments. Due to limited scientific information available previously, WQS were developed largely based on water quality criteria (WQC) or WQS recommended by developed countries, which may not be suitable for current circumstances in China. The Chinese government recently initiated the revision of Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water (EQSSW) (GB3838-2002) to meet the challenge of environmental protection. This review analyzed how the WQS developed and applied in China differ from those of more developed countries and pointed out that the lack of strong scientific bases for China’s WQC pose major limitations of current WQS. We focus on discussing the six aspects that require high attention on how to establish a national WQC system to support the revision of WQS (Table 1) such as development of methodology, refining water function zoning, establish priority pollutants list, improving protection drinking water sources, development of site-specific water quality criteria, and field toxicity test. It is essential that China and other developing countries established a relatively mature system for promulgating, applying, and enforcing WQC and to implement a dynamic system to incorporate most recent research results into periodically updated WQS.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alabaster JS, Lloyd RS (2013). Water quality criteria for freshwater fish. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Aldenberg T, Jaworska JS (2000) Uncertainty of the hazardous concentration and fraction affected for normal species sensitivity distributions. Ecotox Environ Safe 46:1–18
USEPA (2007) Ambient water quality criteria for dissolved oxygen, water clarity and chlorophyll a for the Chesapeake bay and its tidal tributaries. Annapolis, MD
ANZECC, ARMCANZ (2000) Australian and New Zealand guidelines for fresh and marine water quality. Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council and Agriculture and Resource Management Council of Australia and New Zealand, Canberra:1–103
Bell PR, Elmetri I, Lapointe BE (2014) Evidence of large-scale chronic eutrophication in the great barrier reef: quantification of chlorophyll a thresholds for sustaining coral reef communities. Ambio 43:361–376
Beman JM, Arrigo KR, Matson PA (2005) Agricultural runoff fuels large phytoplankton blooms in vulnerable areas of the ocean. Nature 434:211–214
Boxall ABA, Rudd MA, Brooks BW, Caldwell DJ, Kyungho C, Silke H, Elizabeth I, Kim O, Staveley JP, Tim V (2012) Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the environment: What are the big questions? Environ Health Persp 120:1221–1229
Bu Q (2012) Review of screening systems for prioritizing chemical substances. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science & Technology 43:1011–1041
CCME (2007) Protocol for the derivation of water quality guidelines for the protection of aquatic life. Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment, Winnipeg, Manitoba
Chapman PM, Fairbrother A, Brown D (1998) A critical evaluation of safety (uncertainty) factors for ecological risk assessment. Environ Toxicol Chem 17:99–108
Chen H, Zheng B, Wu F, Benjamin Wu K (2011) Dissolved organic carbon–a practical consideration in application of biotic ligand models in chinese waters. Environ Sci Technol 45:9835–9836
Chen Y (2005) Studies on bioassay methods for aquatic environmental toxin organic pollutants [[D]]. Shandong Normal University, Shangdong
Cheung KC, Poon BHT, Lan CY, Wong MH (2003) Assessment of metal and nutrient concentrations in river water and sediment collected from the cities in the Pearl River Delta, South China. Chemosphere 52:1431–1440
Cormier SM, Paul JF, Spehar RL, Shaw-Allen P, Berry WJ, Ii GWS (2008a) Using field data and weight of evidence to develop water quality criteria. Integr Environ Assess Manage 4:490–504
Cormier SM, Paul JF, Spehar RL, Shaw-Allen P, Berry WJ, Suter GW (2008b) Using field data and weight of evidence to develop water quality criteria. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management 4:490–504
Cosme MM, Lister AL, Kraak GVD (2015) Inhibition of spawning in zebrafish (Danio rerio): adverse outcome pathways of quinacrine and ethinylestradiol. General & Comparative Endocrinology 29:895–903
Crane M, Babut M (2007) Environmental quality standards for water framework directive priority substances: challenges and opportunities. Integr Environ Assess Manage 3:290–296
Crofton KM, Mundy WR, Lein PJ, Bal-Price A, Coecke S, Seiler A, Knaut H, Buzanska L, Goldberg A (2011) Developmental neurotoxicity testing: recommendations for developing alternative methods for the screening and prioritization of chemicals. Altex 28:9–15
Cyranoski D (2009) Beijing's clean air claims questioned. Nature 578
de Schamphelaere KAC, Janssen CR (2002) A biotic ligand model predicting acute copper toxicity for daphnia magna: the effects of calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and ph. Environ Sci Technol 36:48–54
DEQIS (2016) Site-specific water quality criteria. Available at http://www.deq.idaho.gov/water-quality/surface-water/water-quality-criteria/site-specific-criteria/
Di Toro DM, Allen HE, Bergman HL, Meyer JS, Paquin PR, Santore RC (2001) Biotic ligand model of the acute toxicity of metals. 1. Technical basis. Environ Toxicol Chem 20:2383–2396
Dyer S, Belanger S, Carr G (1997) An initial evaluation of the use of euro/north american fish species for tropical effects assessments. Chemosphere 35:2767–2781
ECB (2003) Technical guidance document on risk assessment in support of commission directive 93/67/EEC on risk assessment for new notified substances, commission regulation (EC) no 1488/94 on risk assessment for existing substances, and directive 98/8/EC of the European parliament and of the council concerning the placing of biocidal products on the market. Part i–iv, European Chemicals Bureau (ECB), JRC-ISPRA (VA), Italy, April 2003. Part II European Commission Joint Research Centre EUR 20418
Economy EC (2011). The river runs black: the environmental challenge to China's future: Cornell University Press, Ithaca
European-Communities (2011) Technical guidance for deriving environmental quality standards: common implementation strategy for the water framework directive (2000/60/EC) (guidance document no. 27)
Feng C, Wu F, Zhao X, Li H, Chang H (2012a) Water quality criteria research and progress. Science China Earth Sciences 55:882–891
Feng C, Wu F, Zheng B, Meng W, Paquin PR, Wu KB (2012b) Biotic ligand models for metals a practical application in the revision of water quality standards in china. Environ Sci Technol 46:10877–10878
Feng C, Wu F, Dyer S, Chang H, Zhao X (2013a) Derivation of freshwater quality criteria for zinc using interspecies correlation estimation models to protect aquatic life in china. Chemosphere 90:1177–1183
Feng C, Wu F, Mu Y, Meng W, Dyer SD, Fan M, Raimondo S, Barron MG (2013b) Interspecies correlation estimation–applications in water quality criteria and ecological risk assessment. Environ Sci Technol 47:11382–11383
Fu B (2008) Blue skies for china. Science 321:611–611
GLEC (2016) Site specific water quality criteria development. Available at http://www.glec.com/capabilities/technical_services/site_spec_water_quality_criteria_dev.php
Guillén D, Ginebreda A, Farré M, Darbra RM, Petrovic M, Gros M, Barceló D (2012) Prioritization of chemicals in the aquatic environment based on risk assessment: analytical, modeling and regulatory perspective. Sci Total Environ 440:236–252
Hao T, Du P, Du B, Zeng S (2014) Priority pollutants ranking and screening of coke industry based on usetox model. Environ Sci (in Chinese) 35:304–312
Hose G, Van den Brink P (2004) Confirming the species-sensitivity distribution concept for endosulfan using laboratory, mesocosm, and field data. Arch Environ Con Tox 47:511–520
Hu X, Shi W, Wei S, Zhang X, Feng J, Hu G, Chen S, Giesy JP, Yu H (2013) Occurrence and potential causes of androgenic activities in source and drinking water in china. Environ Sci Technol 47:10591–10600
Hughes RM, Larsen DP (1988) Ecoregions: an approach to surface water protection. Journal - Water Pollution Control Federation 60:486–493
Jin WL, Won EJ, Raisuddin S, Lee JS (2015) Significance of adverse outcome pathways in biomarker-based environmental risk assessment in aquatic organisms. J Environ Sci 35:115–127
Jin X, Zha J, Xu Y, Wang Z, Kumaran SS (2011) Derivation of aquatic predicted no-effect concentration (pnec) for 2, 4-dichlorophenol: comparing native species data with non-native species data. Chemosphere 84:1506–1511
Jin X, Zha J, Xu Y, Giesy JP, Richardson KL, Wang Z (2012a) Derivation of predicted no effect concentrations (pnec) for 2,4,6-trichlorophenol based on Chinese resident species. Chemosphere 86:17–23
Jin X, Zha J, Xu Y, Giesy JP, Wang Z (2012b) Toxicity of pentachlorophenol to native aquatic species in the Yangtze River. Environ Sci Pollut R 19:609–618
Jin X, Wang Y, Jin W, Rao K, Giesy JP, Hollert H, Richardson KL, Wang Z (2013) Ecological risk of nonylphenol in China surface waters based on reproductive fitness. Environ Sci Technol 48:1256–1262
Jin X, Wang Y, Giesy JP, Richardson KL, Wang Z (2014a) Development of aquatic life criteria in china: viewpoint on the challenge. Environ Sci Pollut R 21:61–66
Jin X, Wang Y, Wang Z (2014b) Methodologies for deriving aquatic life criteria (alc): data screening and model calculation. Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology 9:1–13
Jin XW, Lei BL, Xu YP, Zha J, Wang Z (2009) Methodologies for deriving water quality criteria to protect aquatic life (alc) and proposal for development of alc in china: a review. Asian J Ecotoxicol 4:609–616
Keith L, Telliard W (1979) Es&t special report: priority pollutants: I-a perspective view. Environ Sci Technol 13:416–423
Koukouzika N, Dimitriadis V (2005) Multiple biomarker comparison in Mytilus galloprovincialis from the Greece coast: “lysosomal membrane stability, neutral red retention, micronucleus frequency and stress on stress”. Ecotoxicology 14:449–463
Li H, Wu F, Chen Y, Zhang R, Zhao X, Liao H, Guo G (2012) Comparative analysis on chinese water quality standards and foreign water quality standards/criteria. China Water & Wastewater 28:15–18
Liu J, Diamond J (2005) China's environment in a globalizing world. Nature 435:1179–1186
Liu J (2010) Environment. China's road to sustainability. Science 328:50
Liu Y, Yang P, Hu C, Guo H (2008) Water quality modeling for load reduction under uncertainty: a Bayesian approach. Water Res 42:3305–3314
Liu ZT, Wang XN, Yan ZG, Zhang C, Li HE, Meng SS (2012) Discussion of minimum "3 phyla and 6 families" toxicity data requirements for deriving water quality criteria. Research of Environmental Sciences 25:1364–1369
Maltby L, Blake N, Brock T, Van den Brink P (2002) Addressing interspecific variation in sensitivity and the potential to reduce this source of uncertainty in ecotoxicological assessments. Defra project code pn0932. London (UK): UK Department for Environment. Food and Rural Affairs, London, UK
Maltby L, Blake N, Brock T, Van den Brink PJ (2005) Insecticide species sensitivity distributions: importance of test species selection and relevance to aquatic ecosystems. Environ Toxicol Chem 24:379–388
Meng W, Su Y, Zheng B (2004) Analysis of current situation of water pollution and its control strategy for Chinese river basins. Journal of China Institute of Water 4
Meng W, Wu F (2010) Introduction of theory and methodology of water quality criteria (in Chinese). Science, Beijing
Meng W, Wu F, Li H (2010) Introduction of water quality criteria theory and methodology. Science, Beijing
MEPPRC (2002) Environmental quality standards for surface water (gb3838–2002). China Environmental Science, Beijing
Mitchell RR, Summer CL, Blonde SA, Bush DM, Hurlburt GK, Snyder EM, Giesy JP (2002) SCRAM: a scoring and ranking system for persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic substances for the North American Great Lakes-resulting chemical scores and rankings. Human & Ecological Risk Assessment 8:537–557
Monteiro PD (2012) Proposal of the European Parliament and of the council for a directive on environmental quality standards in the field of water policy and amending directive 2000/60/ec. Food Management
Montgomery DR, Grant GE, Sullivan K (1995) Watershed analysis as a framework for implementing ecosystem management. J Am Water Resour Assoc 31(3):369–386
Mu Y, Wu F, Cheng C, Liu Y, Zhao X, Liao H, Giesy JP (2014) Predicting criteria continuous concentrations of 34 metals or metalloids by use of quantitative ion character-activity relationships–species sensitivity distributions (QICAR–SSD) model. Environ Pollut 188:50–55
NIPHE (2001) Guidance document on deriving environmental risk limits in the netherlands. Report no. 601501012. [r]. Bilthoven: RIVM
Niyogi S, Wood CM (2004) Biotic ligand model, a flexible tool for developing site-specific water quality guidelines for metals. Environ Sci Technol 38:6177–6192
Omernik JM (1987) Ecoregions of the conterminous United States. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 77:118–125
Pei SW, Zhou JL, Liu ZT (2013) Research progress on screening of environment priority pollutants. J Environ Eng Technol 3:362–367
Peng S, Bao Q (2006) Economic growth and environmental pollution: an empirical test for the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in China. Research on financial and economic issues 8:3–17
Peters A, Simpson P, Moccia A (2014) Accounting for both local aquatic community composition and bioavailability in setting site-specific quality standards for zinc. Environ Sci Pollut R 21:105–117
Ping GAO, Ya-shan S, Chao Y (2012) Water function zoning and water environment capacity analysis on surface water in jiamusi urban area. Procedia Engineering 28:458–463
Poynton HC, Varshavsky JR, Chang B, Cavigiolio G, Chan S, Holman PS, Loguinov AV, Bauer DJ, Komachi K, Theil EC (2007) Daphnia magna ecotoxicogenomics provides mechanistic insights into metal toxicity. Environ Sci Technol 41:1044–1050
Rovida C, Alépée N, Api AM, Basketter DA, Bois FY, Caloni F, Corsini E, Daneshian M, Eskes C, Ezendam J (2015) Integrated testing strategies (its) for safety assessment. Altex 32:25–40
Santore RC, Mathew R, Paquin PR, DiToro D (2002) Application of the biotic ligand model to predicting zinc toxicity to rainbow trout, fathead minnow, and daphnia magna. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology 133:271–285
Shi W, Hu X, Zhang F, Hu G, Hao Y, Zhang X, Liu H, Wei S, Wang X, Giesy JP (2012) Occurrence of thyroid hormone activities in drinking water from eastern china: contributions of phthalate esters. Environ Sci Technol 46:1811–1818
Snyder EM, Snyder SA, Giesy JP, Blonde SA, Hurlburt GK, Summer CL, Mitchell RR, Bush DM (2000) SCRAM: a scoring and ranking system for persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic substances for the North American Great Lakes. Environmental Science & Pollution Research 7:52–61
Solomon K, Takacs P (2002) Probabilistic risk assessment using species sensitivity distributions. Species sensitivity distributions in ecotoxicology:285–313
Stephan CE, Rogers JW (1985) Advantages of using regression analysis to calculate results of chronic toxicity tests. In: Proceedings of the Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Assessment: Eighth Symposium, ASTM International 006C
Stephen CE, Mount DI, Hansen DJ, Gentile JR, Chapman GA, Brungs WA (1985) Guidelines for deriving numerical national water quality criteria for the protection of aquatic organisms and their uses. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Washington DC
Stow CA, Dyble J, Kashian DR, Johengen TH, Winslow KP, Peacor SD, Francoeur SN, Burtner AM, Palladino D, Morehead N, Gossiaux D, Cha Y, Qian SS, Miller D (2014) Phosphorus targets and eutrophication objectives in Saginaw bay: a 35 year assessment. J Great Lakes Res 40(Supplement 1):4–10
Tollefsen KE, Scholz S, Cronin MT, Edwards SW, Knecht JD, Crofton K, Garcia-Reyero N, Hartung T, Worth A, Patlewicz G (2014) Applying adverse outcome pathways (AOPS) to support integrated approaches to testing and assessment (IATA). Regulatory Toxicology & Pharmacology 70:629–640
USEPA (1985) Guideline for deriving numerical national water quality criteria for the protection of aquatic organisms and their uses. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA
USEPA (2000) Methodology for deriving ambient water quality criteria for the protection of human health (2000). EPA-822-B-00-004, Washington, DC
USEPA (2006) National recommended water quality criteria.EPA 4304T. Washington, DC Washington, DC
USEPA (2009) National recommended water quality criteria. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Office of Science and Technology
USEPA (2013) Aquatic life ambient water quality criteria for ammonia - freshwater (2013) 225. Washington, DC: US Environmental Protection Agency
van Straalen NM, Denneman CA (1989) Ecotoxicological evaluation of soil quality criteria. Ecotox Environ Safe 18:241–251
Verbruggen E (2007) Guidance for the derivation of environmental risk limits within the framework of'international and national environmental quality standards for substances in the Netherlands (ins). Revision 2007
Villeneuve DL, Crump D, Garcia-Reyero N, Hecker M, Hutchinson TH, Lalone CA, Landesmann B, Lettieri T, Munn S, Nepelska M (2014) Adverse outcome pathway (AOP) development. I: strategies and principles. Toxicological Sciences An Official Journal of the Society of Toxicology 142:312–320
Wang Q (2010) China's environmental civilian activism. Science 328:824–824
Wei F, Zhang J, Xia P, Zhang X, Yu H (2016) Research progress on dioxin-like compounds and ahr-mediated adverse outcome pathway (AOP). Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology 11:37–51
Wheeler J, Grist E, Leung K, Morritt D, Crane M (2002) Species sensitivity distributions: data and model choice. Mar Pollut Bull 45:192–202
WHO (2008) Guidelines for drinking-water quality incorporating 1st and 2nd addenda 1
Wilhm JL, Dorris TC (1968) Biological parameters for water quality criteria. Bioscience:477–481
Wu F, Meng W, Song Y, Liu Z, Jin X, Zheng B, Wang Y, Wang S, Jiang X, Lu S (2008) Research progress in lake water quality criteria in China. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae 28:2385–2393
Wu F, Meng W, Zhao X, Li H, Zhang R, Cao Y, Liao H (2010) China embarking on development of its own national water quality criteria system. Environ Sci Technol 44:7992–7993
Wu F, Feng C, Cao Y, Zhang R, Li H, Liao H, Zhao X (2011a) Toxicity characteristic of zinc to freshwater biota and its water quality criteria. Asian J Ecotoxicol 6:367–382
Wu F, Feng C, Cao Y, Zhang R, Li H, Zhao X (2011b) Aquatic life ambient freshwater quality criteria for copper in China. Asian J Ecotoxicol 6:617–628
Wu F, Mu Y, Chang H, Zhao X, Giesy JP, Wu KB (2012) Predicting water quality criteria for protecting aquatic life from physicochemical properties of metals or metalloids. Environ Sci Technol 47:446–453
Xie L, Xie P, Tang H (2003) Enhancement of dissolved phosphorus release from sediment to lake water by microcystis blooms—an enclosure experiment in a hyper-eutrophic, subtropical chinese lake. Environ Pollut 122:391–399
Xu H, Paerl HW, Qin B, Zhu G, Gao G (2010) Nitrogen and phosphorus inputs control phytoplankton growth in eutrophic Lake Taihu, China. Limnol Oceanogr 55:420
Yan Z, Zhang Z, Wang H, Liang F, Li J, Liu H, Sun C, Liang L, Liu Z (2012) Development of aquatic life criteria for nitrobenzene in China. Environ Pollut 162:86–90
Zabel T, Cole S (1999) The derivation of environmental quality standards for the protection of aquatic life in the UK. Water and Environment Journal 13:436–440
Zhang R, Wu F, Li H, Cao Y, Su H, Lin Y, Zhao X (2010a) Water quality criteria at home and abroad: development trend and existed problems. Chinese Journal of Ecology 29:2049–2056
Zhang Y, Xia J, Liang T, Shao Q (2010b) Impact of water projects on river flow regimes and water quality in Huai River Basin. Water Resour Manag 24:889–908
Zheng S, Chen B, Qiu X, Chen M, Ma Z, Yu X (2016) Distribution and risk assessment of 82 pesticides in Jiulong River and estuary in South China. Chemosphere 144:1177–1192
Zhenguang Y, Hong W, Yizhe W, Yahui Z, Ruozhen Y, Junli Z, Leung MK, Zhengtao L (2013) Developing a national water quality criteria system in China. Water Policy 15:936–942
Zhou B (2015) Adverse outcome pathway: framework, application, and challenges in chemical risk assessment. J Environ Sci 35:191–193
Zhou F, Yong L, Kai H, Guo HC, Yang PJ (2007) Water environmental function zoning at watershed scale and its key problems. Advances in Water Science 18:216–222
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 41222026, 41521003) and Science and Technology Basic Work (2014FY120600).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Responsible editor: Kenneth Mei Yee Leung
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhao, X., Wang, H., Tang, Z. et al. Amendment of water quality standards in China: viewpoint on strategic considerations. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25, 3078–3092 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7357-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7357-y