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Spatial and temporal assessment of metal pollution in the sediments of the Qaraoun reservoir, Lebanon

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Abstract

This study reports on metal (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) pollution in the sediments of the Qaraoun reservoir over a span period of 9 years (2004, 2008, and 2013) along with key major environmental indicators. This time period corresponds with the onset of the rapid economic and industrial development of the reservoir region. For the first time, this study assessed the degree of environmental pollution by using indices such as enrichment factors (EF), contamination factors (CF), pollution load index (PLI), and geoaccumulation index (I geo). Moreover, sequential extraction was used to study the operationally determined chemical forms of the metals and their spatial and temporal distribution in the sediments. Correlation coefficients were also calculated to delineate the origin and association of the metals. Total metal concentrations and the environmental indices indicated increased pollution with time. Total organic carbon data showed a remarkable and significant increase in the organic fraction in 2013 relative to previous years. The increase in the organic fraction in the sediments was accompanied with a shift in cadmium [Cd] and lead [Pb] fractionation from the carbonate fraction to the organic fraction. The enrichment of the metal in the sediments along with the increased organic content is expected to exacerbate the metal bioavailability in the reservoir.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Tarek Abou Merhi for his assistance in the experimental work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Engineering, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box 36, Byblos, Lebanon

    Mahmoud Wazne

  2. Natural Science Division, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box 13-5053, Chouran, Beirut, Lebanon

    Samira Korfali

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  1. Mahmoud Wazne
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  2. Samira Korfali
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Correspondence to Mahmoud Wazne.

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Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues

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Wazne, M., Korfali, S. Spatial and temporal assessment of metal pollution in the sediments of the Qaraoun reservoir, Lebanon. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23, 7603–7614 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-6022-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-6022-1

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