Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Sustainable waste management through end-of-waste criteria development

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Environmental Science and Pollution Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The Waste Framework Directive 2000/98 (WFD) contains specific requirements to define end-of-waste criteria (EWC). The main goal of EWC is to remove and eliminate the administrative loads of waste legislation for safe and high-quality waste materials, thereby facilitating and assisting recycling. The target is to produce effective with high quality of recyclables materials, promoting product standardization and quality and safety assurance, and improving harmonization and legal certainty in the recyclable material markets. At the same time, those objectives aim to develop a plan in order to improve the development and wider use of environmental technologies, which reduce pressure on environment and at the same time address the three dimensions of the Lisbon strategy: growth, jobs and environment. This paper presents the importance of EWC, and the approach of setting EWC as EWC affect several management systems as well as sustainable and clean technologies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Barth J (2012) The end of waste standard for compost: current state and foreseen implementation. ISWA Workshop, Global Issues pertaining to Biowaste, http://www.fondazioneambiente.org/eventi/15-03-2012OW/barth.pdf 2012 Accessed 25 Mar 2015

  • Beckmann M, Scholz R (2006) Biomasse- und Ersatzbrennstoffe als schwierige Brennstoffe [Biomass fuels and RDF as difficult fuels]. In: (Hrsg. K-J Thomé-Kozmiensky and M Beckmann) Energie aus Abfall – Band 1. Berlin: TK Verlag Karl Thomé-Kozmiensky S. 105–137

  • Beckmann M, Pohl M, Bernhardt D, Gebauer K (2012) Criteria for solid recovered fuels as a substitute for fossil fuels—a review. Waste Manag Res 30(4):354–369

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bernal MP, Alburquerque JA, Moral R (2009) Composting of animal manures and chemical criteria for compost maturity assessment. A review. Bioresour Technol 100:5444–5453

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • BS EN 12457–1:2002 (2002) Characterisation of waste. Leaching. Compliance test for leaching of granular waste materials and sludges. One stage batch test at a liquid to solid ratio of 2 l/kg for materials with high solid content and with particle size below 4 mm (without or with size reduction), 15 October 2002, BSI, UK

  • BS EN 15359:2011 (2011) Solid recovered fuels. Specifications and classes, 30 November 2011, BSI, UK

  • CEN/TC 343: 2011 (2011) European standardization of solid recovered fuels. Processing routes for solid recovered fuels 20 October, 2011 Dublin

  • CEN/TS 14405:2004 (2004) Characterization of waste - leaching behaviour tests - up-flow percolation test (under specified conditions) European Committee For Standardization, Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels

  • CEN/TS 14429:2005 (2005) Characterization of waste - Leaching behaviour tests – Influence of pH on leaching with initial acid/base addition, European Committee For Standardization, Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels

  • CEN/TS 14997:2006 (2006) Characterization of waste. Leaching behaviour tests. Influence of pH on leaching with continuous pH-control, 29 December 2006, BSI, UK

  • Dantata N, Touran A, Wang J (2005) An analysis of cost and duration for deconstruction and demolition of residential buildings in Massachusetts. Resour Conserv Recycl 44:1–15

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Feo G, Malvan C (2009) The use of LCA in selecting the best MSW management system. Waste Manag 29:1901–1915

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Haes HA U, Finnveden G, Goedkoop M, Hauschild M, Hertwich E, Hofstetter P, Jolliet O, Klöpffer W, Krewitt W, Lindeijer E, Mueller-Wenk R, Olsen I, Pennington D, Potting J, Steen B (2002) Life cycle impact assessment: striving towards best practice. Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC), Pensacola

    Google Scholar 

  • De La Rochebrochard S, Naffrechoux E, Drogui P, Mercier G, Blais JF (2013) Low frequency ultrasound-assisted leaching of sewage sludge for toxic metal removal, dewatering and fertilizing properties preservation. Ultrason Sonochem 20(1):109–117

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DEFRA (2011) Adoption of the EU end of waste regulation for ferrous and aluminium scrap. http://www.360environmental.co.uk/documents/EWC%20Consultation.pdf 2011. Accessed 10 Jan 2015

  • Delgado L, Catarino AS, Eder P, Litten D, Luo Z, Villanueva A (2009) End of waste criteria, final report. JRC Scientific and Technical Reports. European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Prospective Technological Studies, Seville, Spain

  • Directive 2000/76/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 December 2000 on the incineration of waste

  • Directive 2001/80/EC on the limitation of emissions of certain pollutants into the air from large combustion plants (the LCP Directive)

  • Directive 2006/121/EC Of The European Parliament And Of The Council of 18 December 2006 amending Council Directive 67/548/EEC on the approximation of laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification, packaging and labelling of dangerous substances in order to adapt it to Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) and establishing a European Chemicals Agency

  • Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on waste and repealing certain Directives

  • Directive 86/278/EEC of 12 June 1986 on the protection of the environment, and in particular of the soil, when sewage sludge is used in agriculture

  • Directive 89/106/EEC for construction products (CPD)

  • Directive 91/689/EEC of 12 December 1991 on hazardous waste

  • ECN (2011) European Compost Network. End of waste criteria for compost and digestate. Org Resour Biol Treat 1:1–10

    Google Scholar 

  • EEB (2012) European Environmental Bureau; Notification of an Italian draft legislation establishing end-of-waste criteria for Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF), http://www.eeb.org/?LinkServID=959E55A5-5056-B741- BCAE043D7FC9D5D&showMeta = 0&aa. Accessed 2 Feb 2015

  • ENVI (2010) End of life vehicles: Legal aspects, national practices and recommendations for future successful approach. Directorate-General for Internal Policies. Policy Department Economic and Scientific Policy, European Parliament http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/pdf/study/elv.pdf 2010. Accessed 8 Apr 2015

  • EPA (2009) Waste definitions, waste guidelines. http://www.epa.sa.gov.au/xstd_files/Waste/Guideline/guide_waste_definitions.pdf 2009 Accessed 2 Mar, 2015

  • Eurostat (2011) http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/ Waste_statistics Accessed 16 Jul 2015

  • Fernandez A, Perez-Cid B, Fernandez E, Falque E (2000) Comparison between sequential extraction procedures and single extraction procedures and single extraction for metal partitioning in sewage sludge samples. Analyst 125:1353–1357

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hjelmar O, Van der Sloot H, Comans R, Wahlstrom M (2011) End of Waste criteria for waste derived aggregates.WASCON 2012 conference proceedings (Eds) Arm M, Vandecasteele C, Heynen J, Suer P, Lind B, Swedish Geotechnical Institute, 30 May-1 June, 2012 Gothenburg SwedenHjelmar O, van der Sloot HA, Comans RNJ, Wahlström M, Wik O, Hansen EA. End-of-Waste criteria for aggregates. In: Proceedings Saridinia 2011, Thirteenth International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium, S. Margherita di Pula, Cagliari, Italy, 3 – 7 October 2011

  • IPTS (2009) Study on the selection of waste streams for end of waste assessment. JRC Scientific and Technical Reports. European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Prospective Technological Studies, Seville Spain

  • Jolliet O, Müller-Wenk R, Bare J, Brent A, Goedkoop M, Heijungs R, Itsubo N, Peña C, Pennington D, Potting J, Rebitzer G, Stewart M, Udo de Haes H, Weidema B (2004) The LCIA midpoint-damage framework of the UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Initiative. Int J Life Cycle Assess 9(6):394–404

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • JRC (2008) Scientific and technical report; end of waste criteria, Institute for Prospective and Technological Studies, European Commission, http://susproc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/documents/ Endofwastecriteriafinal.pdf Accessed 3 Mar 2015

  • JRC (2009) Final Report; End of Waste Criteria, Institute for Prospective and Technological Studies, European Commission, http://susproc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/documents/ Endofwastecriteriafinal.pdf. Accessed 2 Jun, 2015

  • JRC (2010) Scientific and technical report; End-of-waste Criteria for Aluminium and Aluminium Alloy Scrap: Technical Proposals Lenka Muchová and Peter Eder, http://ftp.jrc.es/EURdoc/JRC58527.pdf. Accessed 13 Mar 2015

  • Ling TC, Poon CS (2011) Utilization of recycled glass derived from cathode ray tube glass as fine aggregate in cement mortar. J Hazard Mater 192(2):451–456

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu Y, Ma L, Li Y, Zheng L (2007) Evolution of heavy metals speciation during the aerobic composting process of sewage sludge. Chemosphere 67:1025–1032

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prasad M. (2009) A literature review on the availability of nitrogen from compost in relation to the nitrate regulations SI 378 of 2006; EPA STRIVE Programme 2007–2013 Prepared for the Environmental Protection Agency

  • Regulation 305/2011 (2011) of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 March 2011 laying down harmonised conditions for the marketing of construction products and repealing Council Directive 89/106/EEC Text with EEA relevance

  • Regulation 333/2011 (2011) Establishing criteria determining when certain types scrap metal cease to be waste under Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council

  • Scur P (2009) Potentiale und Grenzen des Einsatzes von Ersatzbrennstoffen in der Zementindustrie [Potentials and limitations of the use of RDF in the cement industry]. In: (Hrsg. K Wiemer and M Kern) Bio- und Restabfallbehandlung III, biologisch – mechanisch –thermisch. Witzenhausen: Baeza-Verlag

  • SEPA (2011) Scottish Environment Protection Agency. SEPA Regulatory Guidance—End of Waste Regulation (No 333/2011) for scrap metals—The requirements for scrap metal to cease to be waste. p. 1–3

  • SETAC (1996) Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. Life Cycle Assessment and Conceptually Related Programmes. SETAC-Europe Working Group, CRP report, Brussels, Belgium

  • Slagstad H, Brattebo H (2012) LCA for household waste management when planning a new urban settlement. Waste Manag 32:482–1490

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sommer M, Ragossnig A (2011) Energy from waste in Europe: an analysis and comparison of the EU 27. Waste Manag Res 29(10):69–77

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thiel S (2007) Mitverbrennung von Ersatzbrennstoffen aus der mechanischbiologischen Abfallbehandlung in Kohlekraftwerken [Co-combustion of refuse derived fuels from mechanical-biological waste treatment in coal power plants]. Dissertation, TK Verlag

  • Tyagi KV, Lo SL (2013) Sludge: a waste or renewable source for energy and resources recovery. Rene Sustain Energy Rev 25:708–728

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • UEPG (2006) European aggregates association-Annual report 2006, http://www.uepg.eu/uploads/Modules/Publications/pub-11_en-uepg_-_ar2006_en.pdf 2006. Accessed 4 Apr 2015

  • Umweltbundesamt (2008) Aggregates case study. Final report referring to contract 150787–2007 F1SC-AT, Vienna. Institute for Prospective Technological Studies (one of the seven scientific institutes of the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, http://www.umweltbundesamt.at/ Weber T, Gehrmann H-J, Horn J, et al. Thermische Verwertung von Ersatzbrennstoffen auf einem MARTIN Rückschub-Rost; Untersuchungen zum Abbrandverhalten im Festbettreaktor und Übertragung der Ergebnisse auf den industriellen Prozess [Thermal utilization of alternative fuels]. In: Flammentag Berlin, 12–13 September 2007. Dusseldorf: VPI Verlag

  • USDA (2000) Composting. Part 637, National Engineering Handbook, NRCS, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C

  • Weber R (2005) Characterization of alternative fuels. In: (Hrsg. KJ Thomé- Kozmiensky and M Beckmann) Optimierung der Abfallverbrennung, 2005, Band 2. Neuruppin: TK Verlag Karl-Thomé-Kozmiensky P.S. pp. 699–708

  • Wei YJ, Liu YS (2005) Effects of sewage sludge compost application on crops and cropland in a 3-years field study. Chemosphere 59:1257–1265

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zorpas A.A (2008) Sewage sludge compost evaluation in Oats, Pepper and Eggplant Cultivation. In: Ferres AS (ED) Compost II. Dynamic Soil, Dynamic Plant 2(2): 103–109

  • Zorpas AA (2011) Metals selectivity from natural zeolite in sewage sludge compost. A Function of Temperature and Contact Time. In: Ferrer AS (Ed) Compost III. Dynamic Soil, Dynamic Plant 5(2):104–112

  • Zorpas AA (2012) Sewage sludge compost evaluation and utilization. In: Zorpas AA, Inglezakis JV (eds) Sewage sludge management; from the past to our century. Nova Science Publisher, Inc, NY, pp 173–216

    Google Scholar 

  • Zorpas AA (2014) Recycle and reuse of natural zeolites from composting process: a 7-year project. Desalination Water Treat 52:6847–6857

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zorpas AA, Voukkali I (2012) Ocean dumping an old and known sewage sludge method. In: Zorpas AA, Inglezakis JV (eds) Sewage sludge management; from the past to our century. Nova Science Publisher, Inc, NY, pp 265–296

    Google Scholar 

  • Zorpas AA, Zorpas AG, Vlyssides GA, Karlis KP, Arapoglou D (2001) Impact of thermal treatment on metal in sewage sludge from the Psittalias wastewater treatment plant, Athens, Greece. J Hazard Mater 82(3–20):291–298

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zorpas AA, Lasaridi K, Voukkali I, Chroni C, Loizia P, Foitiri L (2012) Waste minimization and prevention activities in insular communities. The case studies of a Municipality in Cyprus. 3rd International Conference on Industrial and Hazardous Waste Management CRETE 2012 September 12th - 14th, Chania, pp 28–35

  • Zorpas AA, Lasaridi K, Abeliotis K, Voukkali I, Loizia P, Fitiri L, Chroni C, Bikaki N (2014) Waste prevention campaign regarding the Waste Framework Directive. Fresen Environ Bull 23(11a):2876–2883

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zorpas AA, Lasaridi K, Voukkali I, Loizia P, Chroni C (2015) Household waste compositional analysis variation from insular communities in the framework of waste prevention strategy plans. Waste Manag 38:2–11

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zοrpas AA, Inglezakis JV (2012) Automotive industry challenges in meeting EU 2015 environmental standard. Technol Soc 34:55–83

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Pure and Applied Science, Environmental Conservation and Management, Cyprus Open University, Giannou Kranidioti str 22, Latsia-Nicosia, Cyprus

    Antonis A. Zorpas

Authors
  1. Antonis A. Zorpas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Antonis A. Zorpas.

Additional information

Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Zorpas, A.A. Sustainable waste management through end-of-waste criteria development. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23, 7376–7389 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5990-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5990-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation