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Effect of excessive doses of oxytetracycline on stress-related biomarker expression in coho salmon

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Abstract

Fish are exposed to a wide variety of environmental stressors, such as chemicals and acute changes in temperature. Oxytetracycline (OTC) has been used as an antibiotic for many kinds of bacterial diseases in cultured fish, but excessive doses of OTC are known to cause side effects in fish and can have negative effects on their environment. In the present study, we examined stress-related biomarker expression in response to excessive doses of dietary OTC in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Fish received OTC (100 mg/kg body weight/day) orally for 2 weeks. The percentage of liver to body weight (hepatosomatic index; HSI) and plasma biochemical parameter, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity, of the group fed a diet containing OTC were observed to be significantly higher than those of the control group. The total glutathione (tGSH) levels in the liver of OTC-fed fish were four fold higher than those in control fish and double the control levels in muscle and stomach. Plasma tGSH levels in OTC-fed fish were also higher than those in control fish. Expression levels of heat shock protein 70 in the liver, muscle, and stomach decreased by OTC administration. Accordingly, OTC-induced stress might increase the metabolic turnover of GSH due to consumption by scavenging oxidants generated by stress. These results concerning the changing patterns of stress-related biomarkers indicate that excessive doses of OTC fed to coho salmon induce oxidative stress, which might enhance oxidation in the body and result in damage to tissues, especially in the liver. The present results also suggest that tissue-specific damage caused by OTC might already exist in fish.

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Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank Mr. T. Mandeville at New Day English Language Services, Sendai, Japan, for editing this manuscript. The authors are grateful to Drs. M. Sato, T. Yamaguchi, and H. Shirakawa at Tohoku University, Japan; S. Lertsiri at Mahidol University; and U. Na-Nakorn and W. Worawattanamateekul at Kasetsart University, Thailand, for valuable discussion and suggestions. The authors wish to thank Miss. A. Yamauchi and Miss. R. Okada at Tohoku University for assistance in laboratory work. The authors also acknowledge Drs. T. Nakano at Osaka University and K. Kubono at ASKA Animal Health Co., Ltd., for their help in the preparation of this paper. This study was supported in part by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI, grant number 23580277) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) to TN.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Author contributions

TN and SH conceived and designed the experiments. TN, SH, and NN performed the experiments. TN, SH, and NN analyzed the data. TN wrote the paper.

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  1. Satoshi Hayashi

    Present address: Nagano Prefectural Hokushin Regional Office, 955 Oaza-Hekida, Nakano, Nagano, 383-8515, Japan

  2. Norimi Nagamine

    Present address: Orion Breweries Ltd., 1985-1 Aza-Gusukuma, Urasoe, Okinawa, 901-2551, Japan

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Marine Biochemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 981-8555, Japan

    Toshiki Nakano, Satoshi Hayashi & Norimi Nagamine

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  1. Toshiki Nakano
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Correspondence to Toshiki Nakano.

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Nakano, T., Hayashi, S. & Nagamine, N. Effect of excessive doses of oxytetracycline on stress-related biomarker expression in coho salmon. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25, 7121–7128 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4898-4

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