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Evaluation of Physiological Stress of Grass Carp Chronically Exposed to Enrofloxacin Based on IBR Index

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Abstract

Enrofloxacin (ENR) is a commonly used drug in aquaculture, and it is frequently detected in the aquatic environment. Data on ENR toxicity toward aquatic species are limited. This study was aimed at using different biomarkers to evaluate the possible toxic effects of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) exposed to 0 (control), 1, 100, and 10,000 μg/L enrofloxacin for 21 days as a sub-chronic exposure trial, oxidative stress biomarkers (including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA)), neurotoxicity indicators (including acetylcholinesterase (ACHE) activity, nitric oxide (NO)), and digestive enzyme activities (including lipase (LPS), amylase (AMS) enzymes). In addition, an integrated biomarker response (IBR) index was utilized to evaluate the integrated toxic effects of ENR on grass carp. Our results demonstrated that ENR exposure significantly increased activities of CAT, LPS, and AMS. ENR exposure also significantly upregulated the expression levels of sod1, ACHE, LPL, ATGL, and AMY genes. Furthermore, histopathological changes were observed in the hepatopancreatic tissues of grass carp exposed to ENR. It was observed that higher IBR scores were noticed in the tissues of fish exposed to ENR, suggesting an induced biological response. The comprehensive biomarker index showed that CAT and ACHE activities have a higher response to ENR, and 100 μg/L has a greater impact on grass carp. These results indicate that ENR has a toxic effect on grass carp and impairs their physiological functions. This is the first study to explore the effects of ENR on grass carp, and it provides basic information for assessment of ENR effects in aquaculture.

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Data Availability

The data and materials that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request.

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Funding

This work was financially supported by National Key R&D Program of China (2018YFD0900905, 2018YFD0900905).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209, Shandong, China

    Xu-Qian Cao, Xu Wang, Bin Liu, Shu-Wen He, Zhi-Han Cao, Shao-Ying Xing, Ping Li & Zhi-Hua Li

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  1. Xu-Qian Cao
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  2. Xu Wang
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  3. Bin Liu
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  4. Shu-Wen He
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  5. Zhi-Han Cao
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  6. Shao-Ying Xing
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  7. Ping Li
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  8. Zhi-Hua Li
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Contributions

Xu-Qian Cao: writing original draft preparation; Xu Wang: methodology and software; Bin Liu: index measurement; Shu-Wen He: index measurement; Zhi-Han Cao: fish culture and sampling; Shao-Ying Xing: fish culture and sampling; Ping Li: writing, reviewing, and editing; Zhi-Hua Li: conceptualization and overall guidance.

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Correspondence to Ping Li or Zhi-Hua Li.

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All applicable international, national, and/or institutional guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed. Approval of Animal Ethics Committee of Shandong University was taken.

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Cao, XQ., Wang, X., Liu, B. et al. Evaluation of Physiological Stress of Grass Carp Chronically Exposed to Enrofloxacin Based on IBR Index. Water Air Soil Pollut 234, 548 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-023-06574-4

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