Abstract
Rice straw burning annually (millions of tons) leads to greenhouse gas emissions, and an alternative solution is producing humic acid with high added-value. This study aimed to examine the influence of a microbial consortium and other additives (chicken manure, urea, olive mill waste, zeolite, and biochar) on the composting process of rice straw and the subsequent production of humic acid. Results showed that among the fungal species, Thermoascus aurantiacus exhibited the most prominent impact in expediting maturation and improving compost quality, and Bacillus subtilis was the most abundant bacterial species based on metagenomics analysis. The highest temperature, C/N ratio reduction, and amount of humic acid production (Respectively in lab 61 °C, 54.67%, 298 g kg−1 and in pilot level 65 °C, 72.11%, 310 g kg−1) were related to treatments containing these microorganisms and other additives except urea. Consequently, T. aurantiacus and B. subtilis can be employed on an industrial scale as compost additives to further elevate quality. Functional analysis showed that the bacterial enzymes in the treatments had the highest metabolic activities, including carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism compared to the control. The maximum enzymatic activities were in the thermophilic phase in treatments which were significantly higher than that in the control. The research emphasizes the importance of identifying and incorporating enzymatically active strains that are suitable for temperature conditions, alongside the native strains in decomposing materials. This strategy significantly improves the composting process and yields high-quality humic acid during the thermophilic phase.
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The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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The research leading to these results received funding from the Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII) and Agricultural Research, Education and Extension (AREEO) under Grant Agreement No 2–05-05–017-960740.
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Reza Sharafi and Gholamreza Salehi Jouzani conceived and designed research. Reza Sharafi and Ebrahim Karimi conducted experiments. Hosein Ghanavati and Mojegan Kowsari contributed new reagents or analytical tools. Reza Sharafi analyzed data. Reza Sharafi, Gholamreza Salehi Jouzani and Ebrahim Karimi wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the manuscript.
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Sharafi, R., Salehi Jouzani, G., Karimi, E. et al. Integrating bioprocess and metagenomics studies to enhance humic acid production from rice straw. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 40, 173 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-024-03959-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-024-03959-3