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Salinity-controlled distribution of prokaryotic communities in the Arctic sea-ice melt ponds

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Abstract

The thawing of snow and sea ice produces distinctive melt ponds on the surface of the Arctic sea ice, which covers a significant portion of the surface sea ice during summer. Melt-pond salinity impacts heat transfer to the ice below and the melting rate. It is widely known that melt ponds play a significant role in heat fluxes, ice-albedo feedback, and sea-ice energy balance. However, not much attention has been given to the fact that melt ponds also serve as a unique microbial ecosystem where microbial production begins as soon as they are formed. Here, we investigated the role of melt pond salinity in controlling the diversity and distribution of prokaryotic communities using culture-dependent and –independent approaches. The 16 S rRNA gene amplicon based next generation sequencing analysis retrieved a total of 14 bacterial phyla, consisting of 146 genera, in addition to two archaeal phyla. Further, the culture-dependent approaches of the study allowed for the isolation and identification of twenty-four bacterial genera in pure culture. Flavobacterium, Candidatus_Aquiluna, SAR11 clade, Polaribacter, Glaciecola, and Nonlabens were the dominant genera observed in the amplicon analysis. Whereas Actimicrobium, Rhodoglobus, Flavobacterium, and Pseudomonas were dominated in the culturable fraction. Our results also demonstrated that salinity, chlorophyll a, and dissolved organic carbon were the significant environmental variables controlling the prokaryotic community distribution in melt ponds. A significant community shift was observed in melt ponds when the salinity changed with the progression of melting and deepening of ponds. Different communities were found to be dominant in melt ponds with different salinity ranges. It was also observed that melt pond prokaryotic communities significantly differed from the surface ocean microbial community. Our observations suggest that complex prokaryotic communities develop in melt ponds immediately after its formation using dissolved organic carbon generated through primary production in the oligotrophic water.

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Data Availability

The datasets generated and/or analysed in the current study are available in the NCBI repository, BioProject number PRJNA770954. Submission information can be found at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra.

Code Availability

Codes used in the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

The authors wish to express their sincere gratitude to the Director, NCPOR, Ministry of earth sciences, for providing the necessary facilities for carrying out this research. This research was a part of the project titled ‘Korea-Arctic Ocean Warming and Response of Ecosystem (K-AWARE, KOPRI, 1525011760)’, funded by the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries, Korea. The authors also thank Asian Forum for Polar Sciences (AFOPS) for facilitating the Arctic expedition in 2019. The authors thank the captain and crew of the IBRV ARAON who were most helpful in all shipboard operations. This is NCPOR contribution number J-50/2023-24.

Funding

This work was supported by the Ministry of earth sciences, Govt. of India and the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries, Republic of Korea. Grant numbers [K-AWARE, KOPRI, 1525011760]. Authors Puthiya Veettil Vipindas, Siddarthan Venkatachalam, Thajudeen Jabir, Anand Jain, and Kottekkatu Padinchati Krishnan have received research support from NCPOR, India. Authors Jinyoung Jung and Eun Jin Yang have received research support from KOPRI, Korea.

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  1. Arctic Ecology and Biogeochemistry Division, National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Vasco-da-Gama, Goa, 403 804, India

    Puthiya Veettil Vipindas, Siddarthan Venkatachalam, Thajudeen Jabir, Anand Jain & Kottekkatu Padinchati Krishnan

  2. Division of Polar Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdo-dong, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea

    Eun Jin Yang & Jinyoung Jung

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  1. Puthiya Veettil Vipindas
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Puthiya Veettil Vipindas, Thajudeen Jabir, Siddarthan Venkatachalam, Jinyoung Jung and Eun Jin Yang, The first draft of the manuscript was written by Puthiya Veettil Vipindas and edited by Anand Jain and Kottekkatu Padinchati Krishnan. All authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Puthiya Veettil Vipindas.

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Vipindas, P., Venkatachalam, S., Jabir, T. et al. Salinity-controlled distribution of prokaryotic communities in the Arctic sea-ice melt ponds. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 40, 25 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-023-03850-7

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