Abstract
Thiocyanate is a common pollutant in gold mine, textile, printing, dyeing, coking and other industries. Therefore, thiocyanate in industrial wastewater is an urgent problem to be solved. This paper reviews the chemical properties, applications, sources and toxicity of thiocyanate, as well as the various treatment methods for thiocyanate in wastewater and their advantages and disadvantages. It is emphasized that biological systems, ranging from laboratory to full-scale, are able to successfully remove thiocyanate from factories. Thiocyanate-degrading microorganisms degrade thiocyanate in autotrophic manner for energy, while other biodegrading microorganisms use thiocyanate as a carbon or nitrogen source, and the biochemical pathways and enzymes involved in thiocyanate metabolism by different bacteria are discussed in detail. In the future, degradation mechanisms should be investigated at the molecular level, with further research aiming to improve the biochemical understanding of thiocyanate metabolism and scaling up thiocyanate degradation technologies from the laboratory to a full-scale.
Graphical abstract
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
All data generated or analyzed during this review are included in this published article.
References
Adams CR, Porter CP, Robshaw TJ, Bezzina JP, Shields VR, Hides A, Bruce R, Ogden MD (2020) An alternative to cyanide leaching of waste activated carbon ash for gold and silver recovery via synergistic dual-lixiviant treatment. Ind Eng Chem 92:120–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2020.08.031
Alvillo-Rivera A, Garrido-Hoyos BG, Thangarasu-Sarasvathi P, Rosano-Ortega G (2021) Biological treatment for the degradation of cyanide: a review. J Mater Res Technol 12:1418–1433. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JMRT.2021.03.030
Andhare D, Shivaraman N (1993) Evaluation of metabolic interrelations in the degradation of cyanide, thiosulphate, thiocyanate and sulphide. Asian Environ 15:68–76
Armellini FJ, Tester JW, Hong GT (1994) Precipitation of sodium chloride and sodium sulfate in water from sub- to supercritical conditions: 150 to 550 °C, 100 to 300 bar. J Supercrit Fluids 7(3):147–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/0896-8446(94)90019-1
Azizitorghabeh A, Wang JX, Ramsay JA, Ghahreman A (2021) A review of thiocyanate gold leaching-Chemistry, thermodynamics, kinetics and processing. Miner Eng 160:106689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2020.106689
Banerjee G (1996) Phenol-and thiocyanate-based wastewater treatment in RBC reactor. J Environ Eng 122(10):941–948. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1996)122:10(941)
Beller HR, Chain PSG, Letain TE, Chakicherla A, Larimer FW, Richardson PM, Coleman MA, Wood AP, Kelly DP (2006) The genome sequence of the obligately chemolithoautotrophic, facultatively anaerobic bacterium Thiobacillus denitrificans. J Bacteriol 188(4):1473–1488. https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.188.4.1473-1488.2006
Betts PM, Rinder DF, Fleeker JR (1979) Thiocyanate utilization by an Arthrobacter. Can J Microbiol 25(11):1277–1282. https://doi.org/10.1139/m79-201
Bezsudnova EY, Sorokin DY, Tikhonova TV, Popov VO (2007) Thiocyanate hydrolase, the primary enzyme initiating thiocyanate degradation in the novel obligately chemolithoautotrophic halophilic sulfur-oxidizing bacterium Thiohalophilus thiocyanoxidans. Biochim Biophys Acta Proteins Proteomics 1774(12):1563–1570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbapap.2007.09.003
Bhunia F, Saha NC, Kaviraj A (2000) Toxicity of thiocyanate to fish, plankton, worm, and aquatic ecosystem. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 64(2):197–204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001289910030
Biase AD, Wei V, Kowalski MS, Bratty M, Hildebrand M, Jabari P, Devlin TR, Oleszkiewicz JA (2020) Ammonia, thiocyanate, and cyanate removal in an aerobic up-flow submerged attached growth reactor treating gold mine wastewater. Chemosphere 243:125395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125395
Bivolarska A, Gatseva P, Nikolova J, Argirova M, Atanasova V (2016) Effect of thiocyanate on iodine status of pregnant women. Biol Trace Elem Res 172(1):101–107. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-015-0583-1
Botz M, Mudder T, Akcil A (2016) Gold Ore Processing. In: Adams MD (ed) Cyanide Treatment: Physical, Chemical, and Biological Processes, 2ed edn. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, pp 619–645
Boucabeille C, Bories A, Ollivier P (1994) Degradation of thiocyanate by a bacterial coculture. Biotechnol Lett 16:425–430. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00245064
Budaev SL, Batoeva AA, Tsybikova BA, Khandarkhaeva MS, Aseev DG (2021) Photochemical degradation of thiocyanate by sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation process using UVC KrCl-excilamp. J Environ Chem Eng 9(4):105584. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JECE.2021.105584
Cabuk A, Unal AT, Kolankaya N (2006) Biodegradation of cyanide by a white rot fungus. Trametes Versicolor Biotechnol Lett 28(16):1313–1317. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10529-006-9090-y
Chang EE, Hsing HJ, Chiang CP, Chen MY, Shyng JY (2008) The chemical and biological characteristics of coke-oven wastewater by ozonation. J Hazard Mater 156:560–567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.12.106
Chaudhari AU, Kodam KM (2010) Biodegradation of thiocyanate using co-culture of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Ralstonia sp. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 85(4):1167–1174. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-009-2299-7
Chen XM, Yang LY, Sun J, Dai XH, Ni BJ (2019) Modelling of simultaneous nitrogen and thiocyanate removal through coupling thiocyanate-based denitrification with anaerobic ammonium oxidation. Environ Pollut 253:974–980. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.104
Cho Y, Xu C, Cattrall RW, Kolev SD (2010) A polymer inclusion membrane for extracting thiocyanate from weakly alkaline solutions. J Membr Sci 367(1–2):85–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2010.10.040
Cho Y, Cattrall RW, Kolev SD (2018) A novel polymer inclusion membrane based method for continuous clean-up of thiocyanate from gold mine tailings water. J Hazard Mater 341:297–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.07.069
Collado S, Laca A, Díaz M (2010) Catalytic wet oxidation of thiocyanate with homogeneous copper(II) sulphate catalyst. J Hazard Mater 177(1):183–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.12.015
Cui XW, Wei TX, Hao MY, Qi Q, Wang HF, Dai ZH (2020) Highly sensitive and selective colorimetric sensor for thiocyanate based on electrochemical oxidation-assisted complexation reaction with Gold nanostars etching. J Hazard Mater 391:122217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122217
Ding J, Price WE, Ralph SF, Wallace GG (2003) Recovery of gold cyanide using inherently conducting polymers. Polym Int 52(1):51–55. https://doi.org/10.1002/pi.992
Dizge N, Demirbas E, Kobya M (2009) Removal of thiocyanate from aqueous solutions by ion exchange. J Hazard Mater 166(2–3):1367–1376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.12.049
Dong KW, Xie F, Chang YF, Chen CL, Wang W, Lu DK, Gu XW (2020) A novel strategy for the efficient decomposition of toxic sodium cyanate by hematite. Chemosphere 256:127047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127047
Ezzi MI, Pascual JA, Gould BJ, Lynch JM (2003) Characterisation of the rhodanese enzyme in Trichoderma spp. Enzyme Microb Technol 32:629–634. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0229(03)00021-8
Fan C, Guo CL, Zhang JH, Ding C, Li XF, Reinfelder JR, Lu GN, Shi ZQ, Dang Z (2019) Thiocyanate-induced labilization of schwertmannite: impacts and mechanisms. J Environ Sci 80:218–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2018.12.015
Fontanier V, Farines V, Albet J, Baig S, Molinier J (2006) Study of catalyzed ozonation for advanced treatment of pulp and paper mill effluents. Water Res 40(2):303–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2005.11.007
Gao JJ, Wang B, Li ZJ, Xu J, Fu XY, Han HJ, Wang LJ, Zhang WH, Deng YD, Wang Y, Gong ZH, Tian YS, Peng RH, Yao QH (2022) Metabolic engineering of Oryza sativa for complete biodegradation of thiocyanate. Sci Total Environ 820:153283. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2022.153283
Gengec NA, Ozbay B, Ozbay I, Kobya M, Gengec E (2021) Polyaniline-coated charcoal ash: a novel high-capacity adsorbent for removal of thiocyanate ions from aqueous solutions. Int J Environ Anal Chem. https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2021.1916005
Ghose MK, Kumar A (1993) Impact on surface water quality due to the discharge of coal washery effluents and dispersion profile of pollutant in Damodar river. Asian Environ 15(1):32–40
Ghosh TK, Biswas P, Bhunia P, Kadukar S, Banerjee SK, Ghosh R, Sarkar S (2021) Application of coke breeze for removal of colour from coke plant wastewater. J Environ Manage 302:113800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113800
Giannakis S, Lin KYA, Ghanbari F (2021) A review of the recent advances on the treatment of industrial wastewaters by sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation processes (SR-AOPs). Chem Eng J 406:127081. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.127083
Gonzalez-Merchan C, Genty T, Bussière B, Potvin R, Paquin M, Benhammadi M, Neculita MC (2016) Ferrates performance in thiocyanates and ammonia degradation in gold mine effluents. Miner Eng 95:124–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2016.06.022
Gould WD, King M, Mohapatra BR, Cameron RA, Anoop Kapoor A, David W, Koren DW (2012) A critical review on destruction of thiocyanate in mining effluents. Miner Eng 34:38–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2012.04.009
Guadalima MPG, Monteros DAN (2018) Evaluation of the rotational speed and carbon source on the biological removal of free cyanide present on gold mine wastewater, using a rotating biological contactor. J Water Process Eng 23:84–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2018.03.008
Guo NW, Yu TP, Tian B, He YZ, Cai H, Li M (2020) Simultaneous degradation of coking wastewater by fractional oxidation-flocculation coupling process. China Water Wastewater 36(16):116–120
Gupta N, Balomajumder C, Agarwal VK (2010) Enzymatic mechanism and biochemistry for cyanide degradation: a review. J Hazard Mater 176(1–3):1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.11.038
Gurbuz F, Ciftci H, Akcil A, Karahan AG (2004) Microbial detoxification of cyanide solutions: a new biotechnological approach using algae. Hydrometallurgy 72:167–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2003.10.004
Halajnia A, Oustan S, Najafi N, Khataee AR, Lakzian A (2012) The adsorption characteristics of nitrate on Mg-Fe and Mg-Al layered double hydroxides in a simulated soil solution. Appl Clay Sci 70:28–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2012.09.007
Halkier BA, Gershenzon J (2006) Biology and biochemistry of glucosinolates. Annu Rev Plant Biol 57:303–333. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.57.032905.105228
Huang HJ (2011) Study on characteristics of thiocyanate degrading bacteria in coking wastewater treatment. Dissertation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou
Hung CH, Pavlostathis SG (1997) Aerobic biodegradation of thiocyanate. Water Res 31(11):2761–2770. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(97)00141-3
Hussain A, Ogawa T, Saito M, Sekine T, Nameki M, Matsushita Y, Hayashi T, Katayama Y (2013) Cloning and expression of a gene encoding a novel thermostable thiocyanate-degrading enzyme from a Mesophilic alphaproteobacteria strain THI201. Microbiology 159(11):2294–2302. https://doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.063339-0
Iskurt C, Keyikoglu R, Kobya M, Khataee A (2020) Treatment of coking wastewater by aeration assisted electrochemical oxidation process at controlled and uncontrolled initial pH conditions. Sep Purif Technol 248:117043. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117043
Jawale RH, Gogate PR (2019) Novel approaches based on Hydrodynamic Cavitation for treatment of wastewater containing potassium thiocyanate. Ultrason Sonochem 52:214–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.11.019
Jiang WX, Zhang W, Li BJ, Duan J, Lv Y, Liu WD, Ying WC (2011) Combined fenton oxidation and biological activated carbon process for recycling of coking plant effluent. J Hazard Mater 189(1):308–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.02.037
Johnson CA (2015) The fate of cyanide in leach wastes at gold mines: an environmental perspective. Appl Geochem 57:194–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2014.05.023
József K, Gábor L, István F (2012) Detailed kinetics and mechanism of the oxidation of thiocyanate ion (SCN-) by peroxomonosulfate ion (HSO5-). formation and subsequent oxidation of hypothiocyanite ion (OSCN-). Inorg Chem 52(4):2150–2156. https://doi.org/10.1021/ic302544y
Kanthale P, Kumar A, Upadhyay N, Lal D, Rathod G, Sharma V (2015) Qualitative test for the detection of extraneous thiocyanate in milk. J Food Sci Technol 52(3):1698–1704. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-013-1174-9
Kantor RS, Zyl WV, Hille RV, Thomas BC, Harrison STL, Banfield JF (2015) Bioreactor microbial ecosystems for thiocyanate and cyanide degradation unravelled with genome-resolved metagenomics. Environ Microbiol 17(12):4929–4941. https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.12936
Kantor RS, Huddy RJ, Iyer R, Thomas BC, Brown CT, Anantharaman K, Tringe S, Hettich RL, Harrison STL, Banfield JF (2017) Genome-resolved meta-omics ties microbial dynamics to process performance in biotechnology for thiocyanate degradation. Environ Sci Technol 51(5):2944–2953. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b04477
Kao CM, Liu JK, Lou HR, Lin CS, Chen SC (2003) Biotransformation of cyanide to methane and ammonia by Klebsiella oxytoca. Chemosphere 50(8):1055–1061. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00624-0
Karekar J, Divekar SV (2019) Removal of thiocyanate from water by using weak base microporous resins of different matrix structure. Desalin Water Treat 167:176–181. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2019.24606
Kataoka S, Arakawa T, Hori S, Katayama Y, Hara Y, Matsushita Y, Nakayama H, Yohda M, Nyunoya H, Dohmae N, Maeda M, Odaka M (2006) Functional expression of thiocyanate hydrolase is promoted by its activator protein, P15K. FEBS Lett 580(19):4667–4671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2006.07.051
Katayama Y, Narahara Y, Inoue Y, Amano F, Kanagawa T, Kuraishi H (1992) A thiocyanate hydrolase of Thiobacillus thioparus. a novel enzyme catalyzing the formation of carbonyl sulfide from thiocyanate. J Biol Chem 267(13):9170–9175. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(19)50404-5
Katayama Y, Matsushita Y, Kaneko M, Kondo M, Mizuno T, Nyunoya H (1998) Cloning of genes coding for the three subunits of thiocyanate hydrolase of Thiobacillus thioparus THI 115 and their evolutionary relationships to nitrile hydratase. J Bacteriol 180(10):2583–2589. https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.180.10.2583-2589.1998
Kebeish R, Al-Zoubi O (2017) Expression of the cyanobacterial enzyme cyanase increases cyanate metabolism and cyanate tolerance in Arabidopsis. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 24(12):1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-8866-z
Kim SJ, Katayama Y (2000) Effect of growth conditions on thiocyanate degradation and emission of carbonyl sulfide by Thiobacillus thioparus THI115. Water Res 34(11):2887–2894. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00046-4
Kim YM, Park D, Lee DS, Park JM (2007) Inhibitory effects of toxic compounds on nitrification process for cokes wastewater treatment. J Hazard Mater 152(3):915–921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.07.065
Kriksunov LB, Macdonald DD (2019) Corrosion in supercritical water oxidation systems: a phenomenological analysis. J Electrochem Soc 142(12):4069. https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2048464
Kurashova I, Halevy I, Kamyshny A (2018) Kinetics of decomposition of thiocyanate in natural aquatic systems. Environ Sci Technol 52(3):1234–1243. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b04723
Kuyucak N, Akcil A (2013) Cyanide and removal options from effluents in gold mining and metallurgical processes. Miner Engin 50–51:13–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2013.05.027
Kwon HK, Woo SH, Park JM (2002) Thiocyanate degradation by Acremonium strictum and inhibition by secondary toxicants. Biotechnol Lett 24(16):1347–1351. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1019825404825
Latif A, Maqbool A, Sun K, Si YB (2022) Immobilization of trametes versicolor laccase on cu-alginate beads for biocatalytic degradation of bisphenol a in water: optimized immobilization, degradation and toxicity assessment. J Environ Chem Eng 10(1):107089. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.107089
Lay-Son M, Drakides C (2008) New approach to optimize operational conditions for the biological treatment of a high-strength thiocyanate and ammonium waste: pH as key factor. Water Res 42(3):774–780. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2007.08.009
Lee C, Kim J, Chang J, Hwang S (2003) Isolation and identification of thiocyanate utilizing chemolithotrophs from gold mine soils. Biodegradation 14:183–188. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024256932414
Lee C, Kim J, Do H, Hwang S (2008) Monitoring thiocyanate-degrading microbial community in relation to changes in process performance in mixed culture systems near washout. Water Res 42(4–5):1254–1261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2007.09.017
Levy A, Becker JY (2015) One-Pot anodic thiocyanation and isothiocyanation of alkenes. Electrochim Acta 178:294–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2015.07.127
Li L, Yue FY, Li YC, Yang AJ, Li J, Lv Y, Zhong X (2020) Degradation pathway and microbial mechanism of high-concentration thiocyanate in gold mine tailings wastewater. RSC Adv 10(43):25679–25684. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0ra03330h
Lin H, Peng HJ, Feng XW, Li XJ, Zhao JB, Yang K, Liao JB, Cheng DM, Liu XH, Lv SH, Xu JL, Huang QG (2020) Energy-Efficient for advanced oxidation of biotreated landfill leachate effluent by reactive electrochemical membranes (REMs): laboratory and pilot scale studies. Water Res 190:116790. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.WATRES.2020.116790
Loos G, Scheers T, Eyck KV, Schepdael AV, Adams E, Bruggen BVD, Cabooter D, Dewil R (2018) Electrochemical oxidation of key pharmaceuticals using a boron doped diamond electrode. Sep Purif Technol 195:184–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2017.12.009
López AM, Rendueles M, Díaz M (2012) Treatment of condensates of gas coke by anionic exchange resins: thiocyanate and phenol retention. Solvent Extr Ion Exch 30(2):212–227. https://doi.org/10.1080/07366299.2011.609379
Luthy RG, Bruce SG (1979) Kinetics of reaction of cyanide and reduced sulfur species in aqueous solution. Environ Sci Technol 13(12):1481–1487. https://doi.org/10.1021/es60160a016
Mahendran R, Bs S, Murugesan T, Kg K, Vijayasarathy M, Angayarkanni J, Muthusamy G (2020) Microbial (enzymatic) degradation of cyanide to produce pterins as cofactors. Curr Microbiol 77(4):578–587. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-019-01694-9
Malik SN, Ghosh PC, Vaidya AN, Mudlia SN (2020) Hybrid ozonation process for industrial wastewater treatment: principles and applications: a review. J Water Process Eng 35:101193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2020.101193
Malmir N, Fard NA, Aminzadeh S, Moghaddassi-Jahromi Z, Mekuto L (2022) An overview of emerging cyanide bioremediation methods. Processes 10(9):1724. https://doi.org/10.3390/PR10091724
Maluckov BS (2021) Biorecovery of nanogold and nanogold compounds from gold-containing ores and industrial wastes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 105(9):3471–3484. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00253-021-11277-Z
Márquez JJR, Levchuk I, Manzano M, Sillanpää M (2020) Toxicity reduction of industrial and municipal wastewater by advanced oxidation processes (Photo-Fenton, UVC/H2O2, Electro-Fenton and Galvanic Fenton): a review. Catalysts 10(6):611. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal10060612
Martínková L, Bojarová P, Sedova A, Křen V (2022) Recent trends in the treatment of cyanide-containing effluents: comparison of different approaches. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2022.2068364
Mekuto L, Alegbeleye OO, Ntwampe SKO, Ngongang MM, Mudumbi JB, Akinpelu EA (2016) Co-metabolism of thiocyanate and free cyanide by Exiguobacterium acetylicum and Bacillus marisflavi under alkaline conditions. 3 Biotech 6(2):173. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-016-0491-x
Mekuto L, Ntwampe SKO, Utomi CE, Mobo M, Mudumbi JB, Ngongang MM, Akinpelu EA (2017) Performance of a continuously stirred tank bioreactor system connected in series for the biodegradation of thiocyanate and free cyanide. J Environ Chem Eng 5(2):1936–1945. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2017.03.038
Melero JA, Martinez F, Botas JA, Molina R, Pariente MI (2009) Heterogeneous catalytic wet peroxide oxidation systems for the treatment of an industrial pharmaceutical wastewater. Water Res 43(16):4010–4018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2009.04.012
Mollah MYA, Morkovsky P, Gomes JAG, Kesmez M, Parga J, Cocke DL (2004) Fundamentals, present and future perspectives of electrocoagulation. J Hazard Mater 114(1):199–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2004.08.009
Moradkhani M, Yaghmaei S, Nejad ZG (2018) Biodegradation of cyanide under alkaline conditions by a strain of Pseudomonas putida isolated from gold mine soil and optimization of process variables through response surface methodology (RSM). Period Polytech-Chem Eng 62(3):265–273. https://doi.org/10.3311/ppch.10860
Moses CO, Nordstrom DK, Mills AL (1984) Sampling and analysing mixtures of sulphate, sulphite, thiosulphate and polythionate. Talanta 31(5):331–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/0039-9140(84)80092-2
Munz D, Meyer K (2021) Charge frustration in ligand design and functional group transfer. Nat Rev Chem 5(6):422–439. https://doi.org/10.1038/S41570-021-00276-3
Nallapan M, Sjahrir F, Ibrahim AL, Cass AEG (2013) Biodegradation of cyanide by Rhodococcus UKMP-5M. Biologia 68:177–185. https://doi.org/10.2478/s11756-013-0158-6
Ni G, Canizales S, Broman E, Simone D, Palwai V, Lundin D, Lopez-Fernandez M, Sleutels T, Dopson M (2018) Microbial community and metabolic activity in thiocyanate degrading low temperature microbial fuel cells. Front Microbiol 9:2308. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.02308
Oshiki M, Fukushima T, Kawano S, Kasahara Y, Nakagawa J (2019) Thiocyanate degradation by a highly enriched culture of the neutrophilic halophile Thiohalobacter sp. Strain FOKN1 from activated sludge and genomic insights into thiocyanate metabolism. Microbes Environ 34(4):402–411. https://doi.org/10.1264/jsme2.ME19068
Oulego P, Collado S, Garrido L, Laca A, Díaz RM, M, (2014) Wet oxidation of real coke wastewater containing high thiocyanate concentration. J Environ Manage 132:16–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.10.011
Pan JX, Ma GD, Wu HZ, Ren Y, Fu BB, He ML, Zhu S, Wei CH (2018a) Simultaneous removal of thiocyanate and nitrogen from wastewater by autotrophic denitritation process. Bioresour Technol 267:30–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.07.014
Pan JX, Wei CH, Fu BB, Ma JD, Preis S, Wu HZ, Zhu S (2018b) Simultaneous nitrite and ammonium production in an autotrophic partial denitrification and ammonification of wastewaters containing thiocyanate. Bioresour Technol 252:20–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.12.059
Paruchuri YL, Shivaraman N, Kumaran P (1990) Microbial transformation of thiocyanate. Environ Pollut 68(1–2):15–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(90)90011-Z
Potivichayanon S, Supromin N, Toensakes R (2017) Development of a mixed microbial culture for thiocyanate and metal cyanide degradation. 3 Biotech 7(3):191. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-017-0814-6
Rahman SF, Kantor RS, Huddy R, Thomas BC, Zyl AWV, Harrison STL, Banfield JF (2017) Genome-resolved metagenomics of a bioremediation system for degradation of thiocyanate in mine water containing suspended solid tailings. Microbiologyopen 6(3):e00446–e00446. https://doi.org/10.1002/mbo3.446
Raper E, Stephenson T, Fisher R, Anderson DR, Soares A (2019) Characterisation of thiocyanate degradation in a mixed culture activated sludge process treating coke wastewater. Bioresour Technol 288:121524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121524
Restrepo OJ, Montoya CA, Munoz NA (2006) Microbial degradation of cyanide from gold metallurgical plants utilizing P. fluorecens. Dyna 73(143):45–51
Robertson LA, Gijs Kuenen J (2006) The Prokaryotes. In: Dworkin M (ed) The Genus Thiobacillus, 3rd edn. Springer Verlag, New York, pp 812–827
Rossini-Oliva S, Abreu MM, Santos ES, Leidi EO (2020) Soil-plant system and potential human health risk of Chinese cabbage and oregano growing in soils from Mn- and Fe-abandoned mines: microcosm assay. Environ Geochem Health 42:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-020-00514-5
Ryu BG, Kim W, Nam K, Kim S, Lee B, Park MS, Yang JW (2015) A comprehensive study on algal-bacterial communities shift during thiocyanate degradation in a microalga-mediated process. Bioresour Technol 191:496–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.03.136
Sandrin TR, Dowd SE, Herman DC, Maier RM (2009) Environmental microbiology. In: Maier RM (ed) Aquatic Environments, 2nd edn. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, pp 103–122
Sanuki S, Jyumonji M, Majima H (2000) Extraction of Ag(I) from aqueous thiocyanate solution with Primene JMT or TOA. Hydrometallurgy 55(2):119–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-386X(99)00077-8
Schlorke D, Atosuo J, Flemmig J, Lilius EM, Arnhold J (2016) Impact of cyanogen iodide in killing of Escherichia coli by the lactoperoxidase-hydrogen peroxide(pseudo) halide system. Free Radical Res 50(12):1287–1295. https://doi.org/10.1080/10715762.2016.1235789
Segura Y, Álamo ACD, Munoz M, Álvarez-Torrellas S, García J, Casas JA, Pedro ZMD, Martínez F (2021) A comparative study among catalytic wet air oxidation, Fenton, and Photo-Fenton technologies for the on-site treatment of hospital wastewater. J Environ Manage 290:112624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112624
Serrano MRFO, Ruiz-Lopez MD, Palomares HJ (1988) Determination of SCN- in vegetables by gas chromatography in relation to endemic goiter. J Anal Toxicol 12(6):307–309. https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/12.6.307
Shafiei F, Watts MP, Pajank L, Moreau JW (2020) The effect of heavy metals on thiocyanate biodegradation by an autotrophic microbial consortium enriched from mine tailings. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 105(1):417–427. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-020-10983-4
Sharma VK, Yngard RA, Cabelli DE, Baum JC (2008) Ferrate(VI) and ferrate(V) oxidation of cyanide, thiocyanate, and copper(I) cyanide. Radiat Phys Chem 77(6):761–767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2007.11.004
Sharma M, Akhter Y, Chatterjee S (2019) A review on remediation of cyanide containing industrial wastes using biological systems with special reference to enzymatic degradation. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 35(5):70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-019-2643-8
Shoji T, Sueoka K, Satoh H, Mino T (2014) Identification of the microbial community responsible for thiocyanate and thiosulfate degradation in an activated sludge process. Process Biochem 49(7):1176–1181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2014.03.026
Siddiqui IA, Shaukat SS, Sheikh IH, Khan A (2006) Role of cyanide production by Pseudomonas fluorescens CHA0 in the suppression of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica in tomato. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 22:641–650. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-005-9084-2
Sirikantaramas S, Yamazaki M, Saito K (2008) Mechanisms of resistance to self-produced toxic secondary metabolites in plants. Phytochem Rev 7(3):467–477. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-007-9080-2
Sorokin DY, Tourova TP, Lysenko AM, Mityushina LL, Kuenen JG (2002) Thioalkalivibrio thiocyanoxidans sp. Nov. and Thioalkalivibrio paradoxus sp. nov. novel alkaliphilic, obligately autotrophic, sulfur-oxidizing bacteria capable of growth on thiocyanate, from soda lakes. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 52(2):657–664. https://doi.org/10.1099/00207713-52-2-657
Speyer MR, Raymond P (1988) The acute toxicity of thiocyanate and cyanate to rainbow trout as modified by water temperature and pH. Environ Toxicol Chem 7(7):565–571. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620070705
Staib C, Lant P (2007) Thiocyanate degradation during activated sludge treatment of coke-ovens wastewater. Biochem Eng J 34(2):122–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2006.11.029
Stratford J, Dias AEXO, Knowles CJ (1994) The utilization of thiocyanate as a nitrogen source by a heterotrophic bacterium: the degradative pathway involves formation of ammonia and tetrathionate. Microbiology 140(10):2657–2662. https://doi.org/10.1099/00221287-140-10-2657
Sun N, Deng CL, Liu Y, Zhao XL, Tang Y, Liu RX, Xia Q, Yan WL, Ge GL (2014) Optimization of influencing factors of nucleic acid adsorption onto silica-coated magnetic particles: application to viral nucleic acid extraction from serum. J Chromatogr A 1325:31–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2013.11.059
Tomar SK, Kumar R, Chakraborty S (2022) Simultaneous biodegradation of pyridine, indole, and ammonium along with phenol and thiocyanate by aerobic granular sludge. J Hazard Mater 422:126861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126861
Turan A, Keyikoglu R, Kobya M, Khataee A (2020) Degradation of thiocyanate by electrochemical oxidation process in coke oven wastewater: role of operative parameters and mechanistic study. Chemosphere 255:127014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127014
Villemur R, Juteau P, Bougie V, Ménard J, Déziel E (2015) Development of four-stage moving bed biofilm reactor train with a pre-denitrification configuration for the removal of thiocyanate and cyanate. Bioresour Technol 181:254–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.01.051
Vu HP, Moreau JW (2015) Thiocyanate adsorption on ferrihydrite and its fate during ferrihydrite transformation to hematite and goethite. Chemosphere 119:987–993. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.09.019
Vu HP, Moreau JW (2018) effects of environmental parameters on thiocyanate biodegradation by Burkholderia phytofirmans Candidate Strain ST01hv. Environ Eng Sci 35(1):62–66. https://doi.org/10.1089/ees.2016.0351
Wald MH, Lindberg HA, Barker MH (1939) The toxic manifestations of the thiocyanates. J Am Med Assoc 112(12):1120–1124. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1939.02800120006002
Wang W, Yan XY, Zhou JH, Ma JJ (2016) Treatment of hydraulic fracturing wastewater by wet air oxidation. Water Sci Technol 73(5):1081–1089. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.579
Wang XY, Liu LT, Lin WT, Luo JF (2020) Development and characterization of an aerobic bacterial consortium for autotrophic biodegradation of thiocyanate. Chem Eng J 398:125461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.125461
Watson SJ, Maly EJ (1987) Thiocyanate toxicity to Daphnia magna: modified by pH and temperature. Aquat Toxicol 10(1):1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-445X(87)90023-3
Watts MP, Moreau JW (2016) New insights into the genetic and metabolic diversity of thiocyanate-degrading microbial consortia. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 100(3):1101–1108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-015-7161-5
Wood AP, Kelly DP, Mcdonald IR, Jordan SL, Morgan TD, Khan S, Murrell JC, Borodina E (1998) A novel pink-pigmented facultative methylotroph, Methylobacterium thiocyanatum sp. nov. capable of growth on thiocyanate or cyanate as sole nitrogen sources. Arch Microbiol 169(2):148–158. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002030050554
Wu T, Sun DJ, Li YJ, Zhang H, Lu FJ (2011) Thiocyanate removal from aqueous solution by a synthetic hydrotalcite sol. J Colloid Interface Sci 355(1):198–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2010.11.058
Yang K, Yan LG, Yang YM, Yu SJ, Shan RR, Yu HQ, Zhu BC, Du B (2014) Adsorptive removal of phosphate by Mg-Al and Zn-Al layered double hydroxides: kinetics, isotherms and mechanisms. Sep Purif Technol 124:36–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2015.02.048
Youatt JB (1954) Studies on the metabolism of Thiobacillus thiocyanoxidans. J Gen Microbiol 11(2):139–149. https://doi.org/10.1099/00221287-11-2-139
Yu XZ, Zhang FZ, Li F (2012) Phytotoxicity of thiocyanate to rice seedlings. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 88(5):703–706. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-012-0545-7
Yu XZ, Lin YJ, Shen PP, Zhang Q, Gupta DK (2019) Molecular evidences on transport of thiocyanate into rice seedlings and assimilation by 13C and 15N labelling and gene expression analyses. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 139:11–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2019.02.003
Zaghlol S, Ayad M, Stejskal J (2020) Conducting polyaniline nanotubes with silver nanoparticles in the separation of thiocyanate from aqueous media. Chem Pap 75(10):5121–5131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-020-01396-8
Zaia DAM, Carvalho PCGD, Samulewski RB, Pereira RDC, Zaia CTBV (2020) Unexpected thiocyanate adsorption onto ferrihydrite under prebiotic chemistry conditions. Origins Life Evol Biospheres 50(1–2):57–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11084-020-09594-w
Zarlenga DS, Mitreva M, Thompson P, Tyagi R, Tuo W, Hoberg EP (2018) A tale of three kingdoms: members members of the phylum nematoda independently acquired the detoxifying enzyme cyanase through horizontal gene transfer from plants and bacteria. Parasitology 146(4):445–451. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182018001701
Zhang SY, Wu CY, Zhou YX, Wang YN, He XW (2018) Effect of wastewater particles on catalytic ozonation in the advanced treatment of petrochemical secondary effluent. Chem Eng J 345:280–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.03.184
Zhang Q, Feng YX, Yu XZ, Zhang H, Liang YP (2020) Effects of nitrogen fertilization on removal kinetics of thiocyanate (SCN-) in rice seedlings. Int J Environ Sci Technol 17:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-020-02769-y
Zhou QQ, Zhou XL, Zheng RH, Liu ZF, Wang JD (2021) Application of lead oxide electrodes in wastewater treatment: a review. Sci Total Environ 806(1):150088. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2021.150088
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (32160027), and the Key Project of Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province, China (20212ACB205003), the High-level and High-skilled Leading Talents Training Project of Jiangxi Province, China; and the Special Fund for Postgraduate Innovation in Jiangxi Province (YC2022-S401).
Funding
This study was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (32160027), and the Key Project of Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province, China (20212ACB205003), the High-level and High-skilled Leading Talents Training Project of Jiangxi Province, China; and the Special Fund for Postgraduate Innovation in Jiangxi Province (YC2022-S401).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
LW and XA: Design of the article, writing-original draft preparation, drafting of the article, revision to the text, and final approval of the article. XX, NL, and DX: Literature search and data analysis and writing-review and editing. FL and LW: Writing and final approval of the article. QZ: Review and revision to the text. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
Ethical approval
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
The final version of the manuscript was reviewed and approved by all authors.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, L., An, X., Xiao, X. et al. Treatment of thiocyanate-containing wastewater: a critical review of thiocyanate destruction in industrial effluents. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 39, 35 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-022-03481-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-022-03481-4