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Effect of water level and salinity on the growth of Annona glabra L. seedlings

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Abstract

During the last century the mean sea level has been increasing at a rate of 0.2–0.4 mm·year−1, and that rate is expected to accelerate during this century. Coastal wetland ecosystems are sensitive to the potential changes and impacts resulting from a rise in sea level. In the coastal region of the Gulf of Mexico, freshwater swamps are wetlands located further inland than mangroves, and while influenced by the tides, maintain freshwater conditions. Due to their location, the rise in sea level could increase the levels of flooding and salinity in these ecosystems. The objective of this study was to evaluate, under greenhouse conditions, the effect of nine flood and salinity treatments on the survival, growth, and increase in the biomass of Annona glabra (pond apple) seedlings (average height: 18.6 ± 1.61 cm). The treatments combined two factors: water level (Saturation, Flood, Flood-Drought) and salinity (0, 5 and 15‰). Seedling survival was greater under freshwater conditions. Increases in height and diameter, and leaf and biomass gain, were more significant under saturation and freshwater conditions. Based on our results, we conclude increased flood levels and salinity will negatively affect the natural establishment of A. glabra seedlings in freshwater swamps under a scenario of rising sea level.

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Data availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Máximo Azua, Boni Azua and Luis Miguel Rodríguez for their support in the field and in setting up the experiment, and Roberto Monroy for his support in preparing the map. Patricia Moreno-Casasola translated the manuscript from the original in Spanish. Bianca Delfosse edited the final version. The authors express their gratitude to the reviewers and editor who revised the manuscript and whose comments and suggestions helped improve it.

Funding

This study was funded by the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (Scholarship No. 723842 granted to the first author), DIADA SA de CV and the Instituto de Ecología A.C. (INECOL). We also thank the Centro de Investigaciones Costeras La Mancha for providing the space and resources needed to carry out the study.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Red de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Carretera Antigua a Coatepec # 351, Col. El Haya, CP. 91073, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico

    Edgar Abel Sánchez-García, Vinicio J. Sosa & Patricia Moreno-Casasola

  2. El Colegio de Veracruz, Carrillo Puerto # 26, Zona Centro, 91000, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico

    Hugo López-Rosas

  3. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro # 8701, CP. 58190, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico

    Roberto Lindig-Cisneros

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  1. Edgar Abel Sánchez-García
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Contributions

EASG, HLR, PMC, and RLC: Conceived the idea and designed the experiment. EASG: Carried out the greenhouse work and the performed data collection. EASG and VJS: Performed the analyses. EASG: Wrote the first version of the manuscript. All authors contributed to the discussion, review, and approval of the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Patricia Moreno-Casasola.

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Sánchez-García, E.A., López-Rosas, H., Sosa, V.J. et al. Effect of water level and salinity on the growth of Annona glabra L. seedlings. Wetlands Ecol Manage 30, 579–593 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11273-022-09884-2

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