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Camphoric Acid in Nanomagnetic Photocatalyst Synthesis: Direct and Indirect Visible Light Photocatalytic Degradation of PCBs

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Abstract

In this study, camphoric acid was used as a carbon source in the synthesis of the catalyst for the first time. The new Fe3O4/C/SiO2/TiO2 and Fe3O4/C/TiO2 magnetic nano-semiconductors were synthesized and used for hydrogen peroxide-free photodegradation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in transformer oil (Askarel) and significant PCB 138 in aqueous solutions under visible light irradiation. Also, interestingly, direct degradation was carried out for Askarel oil in addition to the extraction-degradation method. These nano-reduced band gap semiconductors (2.10 eV) were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm analyses, and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The high photocatalytic performance compared to Fe3O4/C/TiO2 and P25 in direct and indirect (extraction-degradation) degradation besides its convenient magnetic recovery are the main advantages of Fe3O4/C/SiO2/TiO2.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the Zanjan Regional Electric Company for the financial support contract number. We thank the Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS) Research Council for providing the laboratory facilities. Comments from the anonymous reviewers are appreciated.

Funding

This study was supported by the Zanjan Regional Electric Company for the financial support contract number 96/300/107, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS) and International Campus of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, International Campus of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran

    Sorur Safa

  2. Department of Physics, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, 49195-1159, Iran

    Majid Mirzaei

  3. Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, 45137-66731, Iran

    Yadollah Shariati, Zahra Zand & Foad Kazemi

  4. Center for Climate and Global Warming (CCGW), Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Gava Zang, Zanjan, 45137-66731, Iran

    Foad Kazemi

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  1. Sorur Safa
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  2. Majid Mirzaei
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  4. Zahra Zand
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Contributions

Conceptualization: Foad Kazemi. Methodology: Sorur Safa, and Majid Mirzaei. Formal analysis and investigation: Sorur Safa, Majid Mirzaei, Zahra Zand, and Yadollah Shariati. Writing—original draft: Sorur Safa, Majid Mirzaei. Writing—review and editing: Sorur Safa, Zahra Zand, Foad Kazemi. Resources: Sorur Safa. Supervision: Foad Kazemi.

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Correspondence to Foad Kazemi.

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Safa, S., Mirzaei, M., Shariati, Y. et al. Camphoric Acid in Nanomagnetic Photocatalyst Synthesis: Direct and Indirect Visible Light Photocatalytic Degradation of PCBs. Water Air Soil Pollut 235, 137 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-024-06956-2

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