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Impact of Calcination Temperature on Structural and Optical Properties and Photocatalytic Efficiency of Ni0.33Cu0.33Zn0.33Fe2O4 Nanoparticles in Aniline Degradation

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Abstract

In this study, the structural and optical properties as well as the photocatalytic performance of Ni0.33Cu0.33Zn0.33Fe2O4 nanoparticles were investigated. These nanoparticles were prepared using the co-precipitation method by applying different calcination temperatures (773, 823, 873, 923, and 973 K). The X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the presence of the cubic spinel ferrite phase without secondary phases. As the calcination temperature increased from 773 to 973 K, the crystallite and particle sizes of Ni0.33Cu0.33Zn0.33Fe2O4 nanoparticles increased from 12.84 to 20.19 nm and from 19.13 to 43.83 nm, respectively. Among the prepared samples, Ni0.33Cu0.33Zn0.33Fe2O4 nanoparticles calcined at 873 K revealed the highest value of band gap energy along with the lowest values of Urbach energy, refractive index, and optical and static dielectric constant. Additionally, the prepared samples were applied as photocatalysts for the degradation of aniline under ultraviolet irradiation. Improved photocatalytic performance was revealed by Ni0.33Cu0.33Zn0.33Fe2O4 nanoparticles calcined at 873 K. This was attributed to the slowest recombination rate of the electron–hole pairs as revealed from PL analysis. To further improve the photodegradation rate, the degradation reaction was studied by varying the catalyst amount, aniline concentration, pH mediums, and reaction temperatures. Increasing the pH and temperature boosted the degradation rate. Finally, the degradation reaction was carried out by incorporating Ni0.33Cu0.33Zn0.33Fe2O4 nanoparticles calcined at 873 K with different weight % of carbon quantum dots. The results revealed enhanced photocatalytic activity with k = 30 × 10−4 min−1 was achieved after combining 10 weight % of carbon quantum dots with Ni0.33Cu0.33Zn0.33Fe2O4 nanoparticles.

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Data Availability

We acknowledge that the data used in this study will be made available upon request.

Abbreviations

XRD :

X-ray diffraction

TEM :

Transmission electron microscope

HRTEM :

High-resolution transmission electron microscope

SAED :

Selected area electron diffraction

PL :

Photoluminescence

CQDs :

Carbon quantum dots

wt. % :

Weight percentages

a :

Lattice parameter

D XRD :

Average crystallite size

D TEM :

Particle size

E g :

Optical band gap energy

h \(\upnu\) :

Photon energy

(E g)d :

Direct band gap energy

(E g)i :

Indirect band gap energy

E U :

Urbach energy

σ st :

Steepness parameter

E VB :

Energy of valence band

E CB :

Energy of conduction band

n :

Refractive index

ε ∞ :

Optical dielectric constant

ε o :

Static dielectric constant

\({E}_{{\text{a}}}\) :

Activation energy

A :

Arrhenius factor

ΔH :

Enthalpy change

ΔS :

Entropy change

ΔG :

Gibbs free energy

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Acknowledgements

The work was performed in the Specialized Materials Science Lab and Advanced Nanomaterials Research Lab at Beirut Arab University in Lebanon in collaboration with Alexandria University in Egypt.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon

    Mostafa A. Farhat, Roaa Yassine & Zouheir Bitar

  2. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon

    Amani Aridi

  3. Inorganic and Organometallic Coordination Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon

    Amani Aridi

  4. Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21511, Egypt

    Ramadan Awad

Authors
  1. Mostafa A. Farhat
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  2. Amani Aridi
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  3. Roaa Yassine
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  4. Zouheir Bitar
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  5. Ramadan Awad
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Correspondence to Amani Aridi.

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Farhat, M.A., Aridi, A., Yassine, R. et al. Impact of Calcination Temperature on Structural and Optical Properties and Photocatalytic Efficiency of Ni0.33Cu0.33Zn0.33Fe2O4 Nanoparticles in Aniline Degradation. Water Air Soil Pollut 235, 146 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-024-06932-w

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