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Fipronil Risk Assessment in Tropical Soils: Relevant Concentrations Cause High Risk to the Edaphic Community

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Abstract

Widely used in agricultural fields, fipronil acts in the arthropods’ nervous systems. Although advances have been noticed, little is known about the effects of the insecticide to non-target soil organisms, especially considering specific parameters from tropical environments. This is the first study considering ecologically relevant tropical conditions to assess the environmental risk of fipronil to the terrestrial ecosystem. The present study aimed to estimate fipronil’s ecological risk to soil organisms through a tiered approach. At the screening level (TIER I) data were obtained from both the literature and laboratory experiments. For the intermediate level (TIER II), species sensitivity distributions (SSD) curves were generated based on ecotoxicological data from six species of soil invertebrates in two soil types. To estimate the risk, the Toxicity-Exposure Ratios (TER) were calculated at each tier considering the related toxicity data and the fipronil concentrations, which were measured and predicted in the field. Results showed that ecologically relevant concentrations of fipronil lead to a high risk for the edaphic community (above 100 times higher than the established safety value). The high risks were observed for both tiers, although at TIER II (SSD approach) it was at least 2.5 times higher than at TIER I. It was also discussed here that the pesticide mode of action is the factor most influencing toxicity; the estimated risk considering artificial soil was comparable to that with the natural soil; and estimating risk using only one species (as performed in the tropics) may underestimate the risk to the edaphic community.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the Brazilian Coordination of Superior Level Staff Improvement (CAPES) for the Ph.D. degree scholarship conceded and the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) for the financial support conceded via the thematic project “Environmental effects of the pasture-sugarcane conversion and pasture intensification” (Process: 2015/187903) and the post-doctoral grant (Process PDJ: 2017/04858-0).

Funding

This work was supported by the Brazilian Coordination of Superior Level Staff Improvement (CAPES) through a Ph.D. degree scholarship conceded to Dayane de Oliveira, by the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) through financial support conceded via the thematic project “Environmental effects of the pasture-sugarcane conversion and pasture intensification” (Process: 2015/187903) and the post-doctoral grant (Process PDJ: 2017/04858–0) conceded to Vanessa Bezerra de Menezes-Oliveira.

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  1. PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil

    Dayane de Oliveira, Maria Carolina Triques, Evaldo Luiz Gaeta Espíndola & Vanessa Bezerra de Menezes-Oliveira

  2. São Paulo State University, UNESP, Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences, Rio Claro, São Paulo State, Brazil

    Rafaela Tadei

  3. University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Institute of Chemistry, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil

    Bianca Veloso Goulart & Cassiana Carolina Montagner

  4. Federal University of Tocantins, UFT, Environmental Engineering Course, Palmas, Tocantins, Brazil

    Vanessa Bezerra de Menezes-Oliveira

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de Oliveira, D., Tadei, R., Triques, M.C. et al. Fipronil Risk Assessment in Tropical Soils: Relevant Concentrations Cause High Risk to the Edaphic Community. Water Air Soil Pollut 235, 123 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-024-06925-9

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