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Multivariate and Statistical Evaluation of Coastal Water Quality and Seasonal Variation in the Physicochemical Properties of Gulf of Khambhat Region, Gujarat, India

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Abstract

Coastal basins are the world’s largest ultimate natural system for productivity and more than 40% of the world’s population prefers to live on the coastline. Thus, the coastal region is of great economic and nutritional importance. The current research study investigates the seasonal deviations in coastal water quality at four different locations along the Gulf of Khambhat, Gujarat, India, for three consecutive seasons (pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon). The coastal water samples were collected and analyzed for the water quality in the prescribed study area. As a result, sea surface temperature, salinity, pH, EC, alkalinity, turbidity, salinity, total suspended particles, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, chloride, sulfate, and nutrients such as nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, and total organic carbon were investigated at Gulf of Khambhat Region. The samples were collected from four different locations (Ghogha, Dumas, Dahej, and Purna). The multivariate statistical analysis indicates that oxygen, dissolved solids, salinity, nutrients, the natural, and anthropogenic conditions are the major factor that affects water quality. The water quality index was calculated to evaluate the seasonal water quality of GoK. The results revealed that the quality of water was moderate in pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon. The findings suggest that anthropogenic disturbances and the development of a variety of activities with increased point and non-point stormwater runoff are pumped directly into the coastal areas which damaged water quality. Therefore, the outcomes of physicochemical research of water quality indicators may be a useful tool for government leaders trying to ensure GoK’s long-term sustainability.

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Data Availability

The datasets generated during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to the Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar for providing the instrumentation facilities.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Environment and Sustainable Development, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382030, India

    Jitendra Kumar Singh

  2. Integrated Regional Office, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC), Government of India, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500004, India

    Pankaj Kumar

  3. Department of Environmental Sciences, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, 391760, India

    Pankaj Kumar

  4. Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India

    Saurabh Vishwakarma

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  1. Jitendra Kumar Singh
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Contributions

J. K. S. conceived, designed and performed the experiments. P. K. and S. V. analyzed and interpreted the data, original draft preparation, and revised the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Pankaj Kumar.

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Singh, J.K., Kumar, P. & Vishwakarma, S. Multivariate and Statistical Evaluation of Coastal Water Quality and Seasonal Variation in the Physicochemical Properties of Gulf of Khambhat Region, Gujarat, India. Water Air Soil Pollut 233, 358 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-022-05799-z

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