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The Relationship Between Embryotoxicity and Oxidative Stress Produced by Aluminum, Iron, Mercury, and Their Mixture on Cyprinus carpio

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Abstract

Aluminum, mercury, and iron have been found in high concentrations in various freshwater bodies around the world and have been shown to be very harmful contaminants to hydrobionts, causing metabolic dysfunction and damage at various levels. However, studies on mixtures of these pollutants are scarce, particularly in younger or developing organisms, which are more sensitive to damage. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the toxicity of Al, Fe, and Hg, in isolation and in mixture, on common carp embryos exposed to the maximum permissible limits described in the Mexican regulations for the protection of aquatic life, correlating the biomarkers of oxidative stress with the effects on embryonic development. For this purpose, the Cyprinus carpio embryos were exposed to iron (0.1 mg L−1), mercury (0.00001 mg L−1), aluminum (0.05 mg L−1), and their mixture, throughout their development and until hatching. The activity of the antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and GPx), the degree of lipoperoxidation, and the content of hydroperoxides and total proteins, as well as the morphological development of the embryos were evaluated at 12 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, and 96 h of exposure. The results showed that the metals under study are toxic to C. carpio embryos and that their interaction modifies the toxic response. Thus, iron generates alterations in the activity of antioxidant enzymes and modification in embryonic development to a lesser extent than aluminum and the mixture of metals, while mercury exerts its toxicity on embryos by mechanisms other than oxidative stress, but the modification to the activity of antioxidant enzymes may contribute to the changes observed in embryonic development. The changes in the response of biomarkers of embryotoxicity and oxidative stress suggest that the combination of metals produces an antagonism-type interaction, so this study provides a precedent for future research to determine the type of interaction that a mixture of contaminants generates in developing aquatic organisms.

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Acknowledgements

We give thanks to Biologist Gerardo Ontiveros at the Centro Carpícola Tiacaque for supplying the test specimens and giving advice on their care and maintenance.

Funding

This study was made possible by the financial support from the Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado of the Instituto Politécnico Nacional (SIP-IPN, project 20180699).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Aquatic Toxicology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, AV. Wilfrido Massieu S/N Y Cerrada Manuel Stampa, Col. Industrial Vallejo, 07700, Mexico City, CP, Mexico

    Selene Cano-Viveros, Marcela Galar-Martínez, Eloy Gasca-Pérez, Sandra García-Medina & Karina Ruiz-Lara

  2. Laboratorio de Toxicología Acuática, Sección de Graduados E Investigación, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de Ayala y Carpio s/n, 11340, Mexico, D.F, Mexico

    Marcela Galar-Martínez

  3. Laboratory of Aquatic Toxicology, Cátedra CONACYT, Escuela Nacional de CienciasBiológicas, InstitutoPolitécnico Nacional, UnidadProfesional Adolfo López Mateos, AV. WilfridoMassieu S/N Y Cerrada Manuel Stampa, Col. Industrial Vallejo, 07700, Mexico City, CP, Mexico

    Eloy Gasca-Pérez

  4. Laboratorio de Toxicología Acuática, Sección de Graduados E Investigación, Cátedra CONACyT, Escuela Nacional de CienciasBiológicas, InstitutoPolitécnico Nacional, Plan de Ayala y Carpio s/n, 11340, Mexico, D.F, Mexico

    Eloy Gasca-Pérez

  5. Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón Intersección Paseo Tollocan S/N. Col. Residencial Colón, 50120, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico

    Leobardo Manuel Gómez-Oliván & Hariz Islas-Flores

Authors
  1. Selene Cano-Viveros
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  2. Marcela Galar-Martínez
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  3. Eloy Gasca-Pérez
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  4. Sandra García-Medina
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  5. Karina Ruiz-Lara
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  6. Leobardo Manuel Gómez-Oliván
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Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Marcela Galar-Martínez or Eloy Gasca-Pérez.

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Highlights

1. Common carps embryos exposed to concentrations equivalent to the maximum permissible limit for the protection of aquatic life of Al and Hg exhibit modifications to the activity of antioxidant enzymes, but only Al produces oxidative damage.

2. Al and Hg produce modifications to common carp embryonic development at concentrations equivalent to the maximum permissible limit for the protection of aquatic life.

3. Fe at concentrations equivalent to the maximum permissible limit for the protection of aquatic life, produces neither oxidative stress nor modifications to the embryonic development of C. carpio.

4. The toxicity of Fe, Al and Hg is modified by the interaction of the three toxicants

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Cano-Viveros, S., Galar-Martínez, M., Gasca-Pérez, E. et al. The Relationship Between Embryotoxicity and Oxidative Stress Produced by Aluminum, Iron, Mercury, and Their Mixture on Cyprinus carpio. Water Air Soil Pollut 232, 376 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-021-05312-y

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-021-05312-y

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