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How Dare to Demand This from Volunteers! The Impact of Illegitimate Tasks

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Abstract

The present study examined the effect of illegitimate tasks (Semmer et al. Appl Psychol Int Rev 59:70–96, 2010) within the volunteer context. A total of 191 Red Cross volunteers were surveyed to reveal the impact of unreasonable and unnecessary tasks on the volunteers’ work engagement and intent to remain at the non-profit organization (NPO). To shed light on the process through which illegitimate tasks affect outcomes, the mediating role of self-determined motivation was explored. Furthermore, the volunteers’ role orientation was assumed to moderate the relationship between illegitimate tasks and outcomes. The results showed that unreasonable tasks directly decreased the volunteers’ intent to remain. Unnecessary tasks, in contrast, had a more subtle effect in that they reduced the self-determined motivation of volunteers. Also, evidence was found for the moderating influence of the volunteers’ role orientation: Whereas unreasonable tasks were equally harmful for both groups, unnecessary tasks more strongly affected those volunteers who expressed more organizational ownership.

Résumé

La présente étude examine l’effet des tâches illégitimes (Semmer et al. 2010) dans le contexte du bénévolat. Un total de 191 bénévoles de la Croix Rouge ont été interrogés afin de révéler l’impact des tâches excessives ou superflues sur leur investissement personnel dans leur travail et leur intention de rester dans l’organisation à but non lucratif (OBNL). Pour mettre en lumière le processus par lequel les tâches illégitimes affectent les résultats, nous nous sommes intéressés au rôle modérateur que joue la motivation personnelle. De plus, on a supposé que la préférence des bénévoles pour certains rôles influençait la relation entre tâches illégitimes et résultats. Les résultats de notre étude démontrent que les tâches excessives ont un impact direct et négatif sur l’intention des volontaires de rester au sein de l’organisation. Les tâches superflues, au contraire, ont un effet plus subtil en ce qu’elles réduisent la motivation personnelle des bénévoles. On a également apporté des preuves de l’influence modératrice des préférences des bénévoles pour certains rôles au sein de l’organisation : alors que les tâches excessives ont un impact négatif égal pour les deux groupes, les tâches superflues affectent plus fortement les bénévoles plus portés sur les rôles organisationnels.

Zusammenfassung

Die vorliegende Studie untersuchte die Auswirkungen illegitimer Arbeitsaufgaben (Semmer et al. 2010) im Kontext ehrenamtlicher Tätigkeiten. Es wurden insgesamt 191 ehrenamtliche Mitarbeiter des Roten Kreuzes befragt, um darzulegen, wie sich unangemessene und unnötige Aufgaben auf das Arbeitsengagement der ehrenamtlich Tätigen und ihre Absicht, weiterhin für die Nonprofit-Organisation tätig zu sein, auswirken. Zur Veranschaulichug des Prozesses, im Rahmen dessen illegitime Arbeitsaufgaben Endresultate beeinflussen, wurde die Vermittlerrolle der selbstbestimmten Motivation untersucht. Weiter wurde davon ausgegangen, dass die Rollenorientierung der ehrenamtlichen Mitarbeiter einen mäßigenden Einfluss auf die Beziehung zwischen illegitimen Arbeitsaufgaben und den Endresultaten ausübte. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass sich unangemessenen Aufgaben direkt negativ auf eine beabsichtigte Fortführung einer ehrenamtlichen Tätigkeit auswirkten. Unnötige Arbeitsaufgaben dagegen hatten insofern eine subtilere Auswirkung, als sie die selbstbestimmte Motivation der ehrenamtlichen Mitarbeiter verringerten. Es gab des Weiteren Anhaltspunkte für einen mäßigenden Einfluss der Rollenorientierung der ehrenamtlichen Mitarbeiter: Während unangemessene Arbeitsaufgaben für beide Gruppen gleichermaßen von Nachteil waren, wirkten sich unnötige Aufgaben stärker auf die ehrenamtlichen Mitarbeiter aus, die eine größere organisatorische Eigenverantwortung ausdrückten.

Resumen

El presente estudio examinó el efecto de las tareas ilegítimas (Semmer et al. 2010) en el contexto del voluntariado. Se encuestó a un total de 191 voluntarios de la Cruz Roja para descubrir el impacto de tareas irrazonables e innecesarias en el compromiso y la determinación del trabajo de los voluntarios para permanecer en la organización sin ánimo de lucro (NPO, del inglés non-profit organization). Para arrojar luz sobre el proceso mediante el cual las tareas ilegítimas afectan a los resultados, se exploró el papel mediador de la motivación autodeterminada. Asimismo, se asumió que la orientación del papel de los voluntarios modera la relación entre las tareas ilegítimas y los resultados. Los resultados mostraron que las tareas irrazonables disminuían directamente la determinación de los voluntarios de permanecer. Las tareas innecesarias, en cambio, tenían un efecto más sutil en el sentido de que reducían la motivación autodeterminada de los voluntarios. Igualmente, se encontraron pruebas de la influencia moderadora de la orientación del papel de los voluntarios. Mientras que las tareas irrazonables eran igualmente dañinas para ambos grupos, las tareas innecesarias afectaban más fuertemente a aquellos voluntarios que expresaban más dominio organizativo.

Chinese

当前研究检查了志愿背景下的非法任务 (Semmer et al. 2010) 所带来的影响。本次研究总共调查了191位红十字志愿者,以展示不合理和不必要任务对志愿者的工作投入和保持非营利组织 (NPO) 意愿所带来的影响。为阐明非法任务影响结果的过程,我们探索了自我决定动机的中介角色。此外,志愿者的角色定位被假设为中介非法任务和结果之间的关系。结果显示不合理任务直接减少志愿者的保持意愿。与此相反,不必要任务在减少志愿者自我决定动机方面具有更小的影响。同时,本次研究还发现了志愿者角色定位的中介影响的证据:而不合理任务同样对这两个群体都有影响,其中不必要任务更强烈地影响表达更多组织所有权的志愿者。.

Arabic

فحصت الدراسة الحالية تأثير المهام الغير شرعية(Semmerوآخرون،2010) ضمن سياق المتطوعين. تم إستطلاع الرأي مع ما مجموعه191 من متطوعي الصليب الأحمر للكشف عن أثر المهام الغير معقولة والغير ضرورية على مشاركة المتطوعين في العمل والقصد من البقاء في المنظمة الغير هادفة للربح(NPO). لتسليط الضوء على هذا الإجراء الذي من خلاله المهام الغير شرعية تؤثر على النتائج ، تم إستكشاف دور الوساطة في دافع التحديد الذاتي. علاوة على ذلك، كان من المفترض أن توجيه دور المتطوعين يهدئ العلاقة بين المهام الغير شرعية والنتائج. أظهرت النتائج أن المهام الغير معقولة قللت بشكل مباشر نية المتطوعين في البقاء. المهام الغير ضرورية، على العكس، كان لها أثر أكثر تعقيدا˝ من حيث أنها خفضت دوافع التحديد الذاتي للمتطوعين. أيضا˝، تم العثور على أدلة على تأثير معتدل لتوجيه دور المتطوعين: حيث أن المهام الغير معقولة تضر بنفس القدر لكل من المجموعتين، المهام التي لا داعي لها أثرت بقوة أكبر على هؤلاء المتطوعين الذين عبروا أكثر عن الملكية التنظيمية.

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Notes

  1. Please note that whenever the term “illegitimate tasks” is referred to, we are also referring to the two facets.

  2. For the volunteer context, we adapted the anchors, from 1 (to no extent/of no concern to me) to 1 (does not lie within my scope of responsibilities) and from 5 (very large extent/most certainly of concern to me) to 5 (lies completely within my scope of responsibilities).

  3. In contrast to the bivariate correlations, the path model simultaneously considers the influence of both antecedents (i.e., unnecessary and unreasonable tasks) on subsequent variables (i.e., motivation and outcomes). The impact of each antecedent is therefore controlled for the parallel impact of the other antecedent. Because the antecedents are correlated (r = .61, p < .001), thus share common variance, one antecedent can only add to the prediction of the subsequent variable beyond the variance already accounted for by the other parallel antecedent. Therefore, beyond their common variance, the unique aspect of each antecedent with the subsequent variable becomes more crystallized in path models as compared to bivariate correlations.

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Acknowledgments

We wish to thank Lea Zwicky for her dedicated help and assistance in gathering the data.

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Correspondence to Susan van Schie.

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van Schie, S., Güntert, S.T. & Wehner, T. How Dare to Demand This from Volunteers! The Impact of Illegitimate Tasks. Voluntas 25, 851–868 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-013-9375-4

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