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A New Deal for NPO Governance and Management: Implications for Volunteers Using Psychological Contract Theory

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Abstract

Two major evolutions have been reported to occur in the nonprofit sector during the past decades. Both the nature of nonprofit organizations (NPOs) and of volunteering style are changing. While this creates challenges for NPO governance and management, little is known about the process or the outcomes of these two developments. We propose a two-dimensional conceptual model to explain how the aforementioned evolutions influence the attitudes and behavior of volunteers, based on psychological contract theory. More specifically, we posit that both evolutions create tensions in volunteers’ psychological contracts that could lead to contract breach. We formulate twelve propositions on the nature of this psychological contract breach and the resulting attitudes and behavior of volunteers. Finally, we offer some possible solutions that NPO boards and managers can apply to cope with these challenges.

Résumé

L’émergence de deux évolutions majeures a été signalée dans le secteur caritatif au cours des dernières décennies. La nature des organisations sans but lucratif (NPO) comme le style du bénévolat se transforment. Si ceci est à l’origine de difficultés pour la gouvernance et la gestion des NPO, peu d’éléments sont à notre disposition quant au processus ou aux résultats de ces deux développements. Nous proposons un modèle conceptuel selon deux dimensions afin d’expliquer comment les évolutions précitées influencent les attitudes et le comportement des bénévoles, sur la base de la théorie du contrat psychologique. Nous postulons plus précisément que ces deux évolutions sont créatrices de tensions pour les contrats psychologiques des bénévoles, susceptibles de conduire à une rupture de ces derniers. Douze propositions sont formulées sur la nature de la rupture de ce contrat psychologique et des attitudes comme du comportement des bénévoles en résultant. Enfin, nous proposons certaines solutions potentielles que les conseils d’administration et responsables des NPO peuvent mettre en place pour faire face à ces difficultés.

Zusammenfassung

In den vergangenen zwei Jahrzehnten waren zwei wesentliche Entwicklungen im Nonprofit-Sektor zu beobachten. Sowohl die Nonprofit-Organisationen als auch die gemeinnützige Arbeit haben veränderte Formen angenommen. Während dies Herausforderungen für die Leitung und das Management von Nonprofit-Organisationen darstellt, ist nur wenig über den Prozess oder die Folgen dieser beiden Entwicklungen bekannt. Beruhend auf der psychologischen Vertragstheorie schlagen wir ein zweidimensionales konzeptionelles Modell vor, um zu erörtern, wie sich die vorgenannten Entwicklungen auf die Einstellungen und Verhaltensweisen ehrenamtlich Tätiger auswirken. Im Einzelnen behaupten wir, dass beide Entwicklungen zu Spannungen in den psychologischen Verträgen ehrenamtlich Tätiger führen, die einen Vertragsbruch zur Folge haben könnten. Wir formulieren zwölf Ansätze zur Wesensart dieses psychologischen Vertragsbruchs und den daraus resultierenden Einstellungen und Verhaltensweisen der ehrenamtlich Tätigen. Abschließend bieten wir einige mögliche Lösungen an, die die Vorstände und Führungsgremien von Nonprofit-Organisationen im Umgang mit diesen Herausforderungen anwenden können.

Resumen

Durante décadas anteriores, dos evoluciones principales se han reportado en el sector de organizaciones sin fines de lucro. Tanto la naturaleza de las organizaciones sin fines de lucro (OSFL) como el estilo del voluntariado están cambiando. Si bien esto crea retos para las políticas y la administración de las OSFL, poco se sabe sobre el proceso o los resultados de estos dos desarrollos. Proponemos un modelo conceptual bidimensional para explicar de qué forma las evoluciones anteriormente mencionadas influyen sobre las actitudes y el comportamiento de los voluntarios, según de una teoría psicológica contractualista. Específicamente, planteamos que ambas evoluciones crean tensiones en los contratos psicológicos de los voluntarios, lo que podría acarrear el incumplimiento del contrato. Formulamos doce proposiciones en función de este incumplimiento del contrato psicológico y las actitudes y el comportamiento resultantes de los voluntarios. Finalmente, ofrecemos algunas posibles soluciones que pueden aplicarse por parte de las juntas y los administradores de las OSFL con el fin de sobrellevar estos retos.

摘要

过去几十年,非营利部门出现了两大演变。无论是非盈利组织(NPO)还是志愿者活动的方式,其性质都在发生改变。这为 NPO 的治理和管理带来了困难,然而对于这两大演变的过程或结果,人们却知之甚少。为了说明上述演变如何影响志愿者的态度和行为,我们根据心理契约理论,提出了一种二维概念模型。具体而言,我们假定这两种演变在志愿者的心理契约中制造紧张情绪,并可能导致违约。针对这种心理契约违约的性质,以及由此导致的志愿者的态度和行为,我们做出了 12 点论述。最后,我们提出了一些或许可行的解决办法,以便 NPO 理事会应对上述难题。

ملخص

تطورين رئيسيين تم الإبلاغ عن حدوثهما في القطاع الغير ربحي خلال العقود الماضية. كل من طبيعة المنظمة الغير ربحية (NPOs) و أسلوب العمل التطوعي يتغير. بينما هذا يخلق تحديات لحكم و إدارة المنظمة الغير ربحية ((NPO، لا يعرف سوى القليل عن عملية أو نتائج هذين التطورين. نقترح وضع نموذج مفاهيمي ثنائي الأبعاد لشرح كيف تؤثر التطورات المذكورة سابقا في مواقف وسلوك المتطوعين، استناداً إلى نظرية التعاقد النفسي وبصورة أكثر تحديداً، نحن نفترض أن كل من التطورين يخلق توتر في تعاقدات المتطوعين النفسية التي يمكن أن يؤدي إلى الإخلال بالتعاقد. نحن نصيغ إثنا عشرمقترح بشأن طبيعة هذا الإخلال بالتعاقد النفسي ومواقف وسلوك للمتطوعين الناتج عنه. أخيراً، نحن نقدم بعض الحلول الممكنة التي يمكن أن يطبقها مجالس المنظمة الغير ربحية ((NPO والمديرين للتعامل مع هذه التحديات.

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Notes

  1. We chose the term nonprofit organization (NPO) as opposed to civil society organization (CSO) as the former excludes informal organizations. As our model applies to all formal organizations working with volunteers, we believe the term NPO is better suited for our paper.

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Vantilborgh, T., Bidee, J., Pepermans, R. et al. A New Deal for NPO Governance and Management: Implications for Volunteers Using Psychological Contract Theory. Voluntas 22, 639–657 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-011-9200-x

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