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Mechanistic Study of Tungsten Bipyridyl Tetracarbonyl Electrocatalysts for CO2 Fixation: Exploring the Roles of Explicit Proton Sources and Substituent Effects

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Abstract

Tungsten bipyridyl tetracarbonyl complexes were shown to reduce CO2 to CO in acetonitrile [Chem. Sci., 2014, 5, 1894–1900]. Here, we employ density functional theory (DFT) calculations to investigate the electronic structure and reactivity of a series of tungsten electrocatalysts, [W(bpy-R)(CO)4] (where R = H, CH3, tBu, OCH3, CF3, and CN), for the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR). Our proposed mechanism suggests that initial reduction of the starting material by two electrons is required to access the active catalyst upon CO dissociation, which is slightly endergonic, consistent with the slow product release observed experimentally. The doubly reduced species, which has a closed-shell singlet ground state, can bind CO2 via an η2-CO2 binding mode to yield the metallocarboxylate intermediate. Based on the energy span model, CO2 addition is the TOF-determining transition state (TDTS) in the presence of water as the proton source. Different substituents at the 4,4’-positions of the bipyridine ligand in [W(bpy-R)(CO)4] (R = H, CH3, tBu, OCH3, CF3, and CN) were considered to comprehend the substituent effects for CO2RR. DFT results show that electron-withdrawing substituents, such as CN and CF3, do not yield efficient CO2 reduction catalysts due to the necessity of forming high energy intermediates for the protonation steps, resulting in low TOFs and high overpotentials. Among electron-donating groups, the parent compound and tert-butyl substituted complex are the most active catalysts for CO2RR due to higher TOFs at low overpotentials. Overall, based on the energy span model and theoretical Tafel plots, our computational approach provides quantitative information for designing CO2 reduction electrocatalysts.

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Abbreviations

CO 2 RR, :

CO2 reduction reaction

HER :

Hydrogen evolution reaction

DFT :

Density functional theory

TDTS :

TOF-determining transition state

TDI :

TOF-determining intermediate

VSFG :

Vibrational sum-frequency generation spectroscopy

NMP :

N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone

SCE :

Saturated calomel electrode

EDGs :

Electron-donating groups

EWGs :

Electron-withdrawing groups

ESM :

Energy span model

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Acknowledgements

Research reported in this publication was supported by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number R15GM131290. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.

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NIGMS Award Number R15GM131290.

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  1. Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA

    Xiaohui Li & Julien A. Panetier

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  1. Xiaohui Li
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Li, X., Panetier, J.A. Mechanistic Study of Tungsten Bipyridyl Tetracarbonyl Electrocatalysts for CO2 Fixation: Exploring the Roles of Explicit Proton Sources and Substituent Effects. Top Catal 65, 325–340 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11244-021-01529-7

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