Abstract
Lilies (Lilium spp.) are famous bulb flowers worldwide with high ornamental value. Somatic embryogenesis in plants, which exhibits the advantages of universal occurrence, genetic stability, and suitability as an exogenous gene transfer receptor system, is vital to bulb propagation, germplasm preservation, genetic trait improvement and polyploid breeding in Lilium. This review systematically summarizes the current research progress on Lilium somatic embryogenesis and provides information on the influencing factors, procedures, and physiological and molecular mechanisms of somatic embryogenesis; the applications and prospects of somatic embryogenesis in the lily industry; and the difficulties associated with Lilium somatic embryogenesis. This review aims to provide comprehensive and valuable information for future research on somatic embryogenesis in Lilium.
Key message
This review provides the first report on the research progress in Lilium somatic embryogenesis. The review analyzes main factors affecting this developmental pathway, its physiological and molecular mechanisms, and its application in the lily industry and discusses the research difficulties and application prospects of somatic embryogenesis in Lilium.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- SE:
-
Somatic embryogenesis
- PGRs:
-
Plant growth regulators
- tTCLs:
-
Transverse thin cell layers
- 2,4-d :
-
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
- NAA:
-
1-Naphthaleneacetic acid
- 6-BA:
-
6-Benzylaminopurine
- DIC:
-
Dicamba
- PIC:
-
Picloram
- TDZ:
-
Thidiazuron
- KT:
-
Kinetin
- MS:
-
Murashige and Skoog
- PAs:
-
Polyamines
- CKs:
-
Cytokinins
References
Alwael HA, Naik PM, Al-Khayri JM (2017) Synchronization of somatic embryogenesis in date palm suspension culture using abscisic acid. In: Date palm biotechnology protocols, vol I. Humana Press, New York, p 215–226. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7156-5_18
Anjaneyulu C, Shyamkumar B, Giri CC (2004) Somatic embryogenesis from callus cultures of Terminalia chebula Retz.: an important medicinal tree. Trees 18:547–552. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-004-0344-9
Arzate-Fernandez AM, Nakazaki T, Okumoto Y, Tanisaka T (1997) Efficient callus induction and plant regeneration from filaments with anther in lily (Lilium longiflorum Thunb.). Plant Cell Rep 16:836–840. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002990050330
Ault JR, Siqueira SS (2008) Morphogenetic response of Lilium michiganense to four auxin-type plant growth regulators in vitro. HortScience 43:1922–1924. https://doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.43.6.1922
Azadi P, Chin DP, Kuroda K, Khan RS, Mii M (2010) Macro elements in inoculation and co-cultivation medium strongly affect the efficiency of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation in Lilium. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 101:201–209. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-010-9677-9
Azadi P, Otang NV, Supaporn H, Khan RS, Chin DP, Nakamura I, Mii M (2011) Increased resistance to cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) in Lilium transformed with a defective CMV replicase gene. Biotechnol Lett 33:1249–1255. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10529-011-0550-7
Bakhshaie M, Babalar M, Mirmasoumi M, Khalighi A (2010) Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration of Lilium ledebourii (Baker) Boiss., an endangered species. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 102:229–235. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-010-9726-4
Bakhshaie M, Babalar M, Mirmasoumi M, Khalighi A (2015) Effects of light, sucrose, and cytokinins on somatic embryogenesis in Lilium ledebourii (Baker) Bioss. via transverse thin cell-layer cultures of bulblet microscales. J Hortic Sci Biotechnol 85:491–496. https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.2010.11512703
Bakhshaie M, Khosravi S, Azadi P, Bagheri H, van Tuyl JM (2016) Biotechnological advances in Lilium. Plant Cell Rep 35:1799–1826. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-016-2017-8
Bassuner BM, Lam R, Lukowitz W, Yeung EC (2007) Auxin and root initiation in somatic embryos of Arabidopsis. Plant Cell Rep 26:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-006-0207-5
Bi WL, Yin ZF, Guo L, Chen L, Pan C, Wang QC (2015) Plant regeneration from shoot regrowth and de novo embryo-like structures from cryopreserved shoot tips of Lilium spp. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 51:390–398. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11627-015-9696-7
Buschman JCM (2005) Globalization-flower-flower bulbs-bulb flowers. Acta Hortic 673:27–33. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2005.673.1
Campos NA, Panis B, Carpentier SC (2017) Somatic embryogenesis in coffee: the evolution of biotechnology and the integration of omics technologies offer great opportunities. Front Plant Sci 8:1460. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.01460
Chen MM, Zhang JJ, Zhou Y, Li SG, Fan XF, Yang LY, Guan Y, Zhang YC (2018) Transcriptome analysis of Lilium Oriental × Trumpet hybrid roots reveals auxin-related genes and stress-related genes involved in picloram-induced somatic embryogenesis induction. J Hortic Sci Biotechnol 94:317–330. https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.2018.1500086
Cohen A, Lipsky A, Arazi T, Ion A, Stav R, Sandlerziv D, Pintea C, Barg R, Salts Y, Shabtai S, Gaba V, Gera A (2004) Efficient genetic transformation of Lilium longiflorum and Ornithogalum dubium by particle acceleration followed by prolonged selection in liquid medium. Acta Hortic 651:131–138. https://doi.org/10.17660/Actahortic.2004.651.15
Corredoira E, San José MC, Vieitez AM, Allona I, Aragoncillo C, Ballester A (2016) Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of European chestnut somatic embryos with a Castanea sativa (Mill.) endochitinase gene. New For 47:669–684. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-016-9537-5
Du LJ, Qi YY, Liu YL, Tian FF, Wang YJ (2014) Embryogenic cultures of lily (Lilium spp.): optimising callus initiation, maintenance, and plantlet regeneration. J Hortic Sci Biotechnol 89:159–166. https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.2014.11513063
Du YP, Bi Y, Yang FP, Zhang MF, Chen XQ, Xue J, Zhang XH (2017) Complete chloroplast genome sequences of Lilium: insights into evolutionary dynamics and phylogenetic analyses. Sci Rep 7:5751–5751. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-06210-2
Dwipayani Lestari NK, Deswiniyanti NW, Astarini I, Made Arpiwi L (2020) Morphogenesis in vitro Flower Pedicel of Lilium longiflorum with NAA and BAP. KnE Life Sci. https://doi.org/10.18502/kls.v5i2.6436
Filonova LH, Bozhkov P, Von Arnold S (2000) Developmental pathway of somatic embryogenesis in Picea abies as revealed by time-lapse tracking. J Exp Bot 51:249–264. https://doi.org/10.1093/jexbot/51.343.249
Fobert PR, Webb DT (1988) Effects of polyamines, polyamine precursors, and polyamine biosynthetic inhibitors on somatic embryogenesis from eggplant (Solanum melongena) cotyledons. Can J Bot 66:1734–1742. https://doi.org/10.1139/b88-238
Fu LL, Zhu YY, Li M, Wang CX, Sun HM (2019) Autopolyploid induction via somatic embryogenesis in Lilium distichum Nakai and Lilium cernuum Komar. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 139:237–248. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-019-01671-x
Gamborg OL, Miller RA, Ojima K (1968) Nutrient requirements of suspension cultures of soybean root cells. Exp Cell Res 50:151–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4827(68)90403-5
Gueye B, Morcillo F, Collin M, Gargani D, Overvoorde P, Aberlencbertossi F, Tranbarger TJ, Sane D, Tregear J, Borgel A, Verdeil J (2009) Acquisition of callogenic capacity in date palm leaf tissues in response to 2,4-D treatment. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 99:35–45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-009-9573-3
Haensch KT (1996) Plant regeneration through somatic embryogenesis in different genotypes of Lilium-hybrids. Gartenbauwissenschaft (Germany) 61:214–218. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01877253
Ho CW, Jian WT, Lai HC (2006) Plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis from suspension cell cultures of Lilium × formolongi hort. Using a bioreactor system. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 42:240–246. https://doi.org/10.1079/ivp2006756
Hoshi Y, Kondo M, Mori S, Adachi Y, Nakano M, Kobayashi H (2004) Production of transgenic lily plants by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Plant Cell Rep 22:359–364. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-003-0700-z
Ji W, Luo Y, Guo R, Li X, Zhou Q, Ma X, Wang Y (2017) Abnormal somatic embryo reduction and recycling in grapevine regeneration. J Plant Growth Regul 36:912–918. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-017-9694-6
Jiménez VM (2005) Involvement of plant hormones and plant growth regulators on in vitro somatic embryogenesis. Plant Growth Regul 47:91–110. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-005-3478-x
Kanchanapoom K, Ponpiboon T, Wirakiat W, Kanchanapoom K (2011) Regeneration of lily (Lilium longiflorum‘Easter lily’) by callus derived from leaf explants cultured in vitro. ScienceAsia 37:373. https://doi.org/10.2306/scienceasia1513-1874.2011.37.373
Karalija E, Trbojević S, Parić A (2010) Somatic embryogenesis and in vitro plantlet regeneration of Lilium martagon L. var. cattaniae Vis. Biol Nyssana 1:57–60
Karalija E, Parić A, Muratović E (2013) Biochemical status of in vitro regenerated Lilium bosniacum and Lilium cattaniae plantlets. Open Life Sci. https://doi.org/10.2478/s11535-013-0213-x
Karami O, Deljou A, Kordestani GK (2008) Secondary somatic embryogenesis of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.). Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 92:273–280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-007-9332-2
Khosravi S, Azghandi AV, Mojtahedi N, Haddad R (2007) In vitro propagation of Lilium longiflorum Var. ceb-dazzle through direct somatic embryogenesis. Pak J Biol Sci 10:2517–2521. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2007.2517.2521
Kim KH, Liu JR, Kim SW (2007) Plant regeneration from zygotic embryos cultures of Lilium lancifolium Thunb. via bulblet formation. J Plant Biotechnol. https://doi.org/10.5010/JPB.2007.34.1.025
Komai F, Morohashi H, Horita M (2006) Application of nurse culture for plant regeneration from protoplasts of Lilium japonicum Thunb. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 42:252–255. https://doi.org/10.1079/ivp2006755
Kurczynska EU, Gaj MD, Ujczak A, Mazur E (2007) Histological analysis of direct somatic embryogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. Planta 226:619-628. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-007-0510-6
Li HY, Zhang J, Yang Y, Jia NN, Wang CX, Sun HM (2017) miR171 and its target gene SCL6 contribute to embryogenic callus induction and torpedo-shaped embryo formation during somatic embryogenesis in two lily species. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 130:591–600. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-017-1249-9
Linsmaier EM, Skoog F (1965) Organic growth factor requirements of tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol Plant 18:100–127. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1965.tb06874.x
Magdalena KE, Bach A (2005) Morphogenesis of Lilium martagon L. explants in callus culture. Acta Biol Cracov Ser Bot 47:65–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2004.10.005
Martinez MT, San-Jose MDC, Arrillaga I, Cano V, Morcillo M, Cernadas MJ, Corredoira E (2019) Holm oak somatic embryogenesis: current status and future perspectives. Front Plant Sci 10:239. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.00239
Maruyama TE, Hosoi Y (2012) Post-maturation treatment improves and synchronizes somatic embryo germination of three species of Japanese pines. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 110:45–52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-012-0128-7
Mercuri A, De Benedetti L, Bruna S, Bregliano R, Bianchini C, Foglia G, Schiva T (2003) Agrobacterium-mediated transformation with rol genes of Lilium longiflorum Thunb. Acta Hortic 612:129–136. https://doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2003.612.16
Mii M, Yuzawa Y, Suetomi H, Motegi T (1994) Fertile plant regeneration from protoplasts of a seed-propagated cultivar of Lilium × formolongi by utilizing meristematic nodular cell clumps. Plant Sci 100:221–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-9452(94)90079-5
Moradi Z, Farahani F, Sheidai M, Nejad Satari T (2016) Somaclonal variation in banana (Musa acuminate colla cv. Valery) regenerated plantlets from somatic embryogenesis: histological and cytogenetic approaches. Caryologia 70:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1080/00087114.2016.1198665
Mori S, Adachi Y, Horimoto S, Suzuki S, Nakano M (2005) Callus formation and plant regeneration in various Lilium species and cultivars. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 41:783–788. https://doi.org/10.1079/ivp2005707
Murashige T, Skoog F (1962) A revised medium for rapid growth and bio assays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol Plant 15:473–497. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1962.tb08052.x
Natarajan N, Sundararajan S, Ramalingam S, Chellakan PS (2020) Efficient and rapid in-vitro plantlet regeneration via somatic embryogenesis in ornamental bananas (Musa spp.). Biologia 75:317–326. https://doi.org/10.2478/s11756-019-00358-0
Nhut DT, Van Le B, Fukai S, Tanaka M, Van KTT (2001a) Effects of activated charcoal, explant size, explant position and sucrose concentration on plant and shoot regeneration of Lilium longiflorum via young stem culture. Plant Growth Regul 33:59–65. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1010701024963
Nhut DT, Van Le B, Van KTT (2001b) Manipulation of the morphogenetic pathways of Lilium longiflorum transverse thin cell layer explants by auxin and cytokinin. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 37:44–49. https://doi.org/10.2307/4293416
Nhut DT, Van Le B, Minh NT, de Silva JT, Fukai S, Tanaka M, Van KTT (2002) Somatic embryogenesis through pseudo-bulblet transverse thin cell layer of Lilium longiflorum. Plant Growth Regul 37:193–198. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1020532511081
Nhut DT, Hanh NT, Tuan PQ, Nguyet LT, Tram NT, Chinh NC, Nguyen NH, Vinh DN (2006) Liquid culture as a positive condition to induce and enhance quality and quantity of somatic embryogenesis of Lilium longiflorum. Sci Hortic 110:93–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2006.05.015
Nitsch JP, Nitsch C (1969) Haploid plants from pollen grains. Science 163:85–87. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.163.3862.85
Nonohay JS, Mariath JEDA, Winge H (1999) Histological analysis of somatic embryogenesis in Brazilian cultivars of barley, Hordeum vulgare vulgare, Poaceae. Plant Cell Rep 18:929–934. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002990050686
Nowak K, Wojcikowska B, Gaj MD (2015) ERF022 impacts the induction of somatic embryogenesis in Arabidopsis through the ethylene-related pathway. Planta 241:967–985. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-014-2225-9
Patocka J (2019) Bioactivity of Lilium candidum L.: a mini review. Biomed J Sci Tech Res. https://doi.org/10.26717/bjstr.2019.18.003204
Pelkonen V, Kauppi A (1999) The effect of light and auxins on the regeneration of lily (Lilium Regale Wil.) cells by somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis. Int J Plant Sci 160:483–490. https://doi.org/10.1086/314138
Pelkonen VP, Hohtola A, Häggman H, Laine K (2003) Differentiation specific gene expression in regal (Lilium regale) callus. Acta Hortic 625:237–239. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2003.625.26
Philosoph-Hadas S, Meir S, Halevy RAH (1996) Regulation of the gravitropic response and ethylene biosynthesis in gravistimulated snapdragon spikes by calcium chelators and ethylene inhibitors. Plant Physiol 110:301–310. https://doi.org/10.2307/4276992
Pullman GS, Olson K, Fischer T, Egertsdotter U, Frampton J, Bucalo K (2016) Fraser fir somatic embryogenesis: high frequency initiation, maintenance, embryo development, germination and cryopreservation. New For 47:453–480. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-016-9525-9
Qi YY, Du LJ, Quan YQ, Tian FF, Liu YL, Wang YJ (2014) Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of embryogenic cell suspension cultures and plant regeneration in Lilium tenuifolium oriental × trumpet ‘Robina.’ Acta Physiol Plant 36:2047–2057. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-014-1582-0
Quang NT, Van Minh T (2017) Application of somatic embryogenesis and bioreactor techniques in micropropagation of tropical lily Conca D’Or (Orient × Trumpet). In: CBU International Conference Proceedings, vol 5, p 1247–1252. https://doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v5.1104
Quiroz-Figueroa F, Monforte-González M, Galaz-Avalos RM, Loyola-Vargas VM (2006) Direct somatic embryogenesis in Coffea canephora. Methods Mol Biol 318:111–117. https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-959-1:111
Ribas AF, Dechamp E, Champion A, Bertrand B, Etienne H (2011) Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of Coffea arabica (L.) is greatly enhanced by using established embryogenic callus cultures. BMC Plant Biol 11:92. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2229-11-92
Rohani ER, Ismanizan I, Noor NM (2012) Somatic embryogenesis of mangosteen. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 110:251–259. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-012-0147-4
Schenk RU, Hildebrandt AC (1972) Medium and techniques for induction and growth of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plant cell cultures. Botany 50:199–204. https://doi.org/10.1139/b72-026
Shang HH, Liu CL, Zhang CJ, Li FL, Hong WD, Li FG (2009) Histological and ultrastructural observation reveals significant cellular differences between Agrobacterium transformed embryogenic and non-embryogenic calli of cotton. J Integr Plant Biol 51:456–465. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7909.2009.00824.x
Sherif NA, Franklin Benjamin JH, Senthil Kumar T, Rao MV (2017) Somatic embryogenesis, acclimatization and genetic homogeneity assessment of regenerated plantlets of Anoectochilus elatus Lindl., an endangered terrestrial jewel orchid. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 132:303–316. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-017-1330-4
Song SL, Wang ZP, Ren YM, Sun HM (2020) Full-length transcriptome analysis of the ABCB, PIN/PIN-LIKES, and AUX/LAX families involved in somatic embryogenesis of Lilium pumilum DC. Fisch. Int J Mol Sci. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21020453
Souza J, Tomaz M, Arruda S, Demétrio CGB, Venables W, Martinelli A (2011) Callus sieving is effective in improving synchronization and frequency of somatic embryogenesis in Citrus sinensis. Biol Plant 55:703. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10535-011-0171-y
Sujatha M, Prabakaran AJ (2001) High frequency embryogenesis in immature zygotic embryos of sunflower. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 65:23–29. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1010684530534
Tribulato A, Remotti PC, Löffler HJM, van Tuyl JM (1997) Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in Lilium longiflorum Thunb. Plant Cell Rep 17:113–118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002990050362
Von Arnold S, Clapham D (2008) Spruce embryogenesis. Methods Mol Biol 427:31–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-273-1_3
Von Arnold S, Sabala I, Bozhkov PV, Dyachok J, Filonova L (2002) Developmental pathways of somatic embryogenesis. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 69:233–249. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1015673200621
Wang Y, van Kronenburg B, Menzel T, Maliepaard C, Shen X, Krens F (2012) Regeneration and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of multiple lily cultivars. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 111:113–122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-012-0172-3
Wu J, Liu C, Seng S, Khan MA, Sui J, Gong B, Liu C, Wu CY, Zhong XH, He JN, Yi MF (2014) Somatic embryogenesis and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Gladiolus hybridus cv. ‘Advance Red.’ Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 120:717–728. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-014-0639-5
Wu Y, Sun MY, Zhang JP, Zhang L, Ren ZM, Min RH, Wang XY, Xia YP (2019) Differential effects of paclobutrazol on the bulblet growth of oriental lily cultured in vitro: growth behavior, carbohydrate metabolism, and antioxidant capacity. J Plant Growth Regul 38:359–372. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-018-9844-5
Yamagishi M, Akagi K (2013) Morphology and heredity of tepal spots in Asiatic and Oriental hybrid lilies (Lilium spp.). Euphytica 194:325–334. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-013-0937-8
Yamagishi M, Uchiyama H, Handa T (2018) Floral pigmentation pattern in Oriental hybrid lily (Lilium spp.) cultivar ‘Dizzy’ is caused by transcriptional regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes. J Plant Physiol 228:85–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2018.05.008
Yan R, Wang ZP, Ren YM, Li HY, Liu N, Sun HM (2019) Establishment of efficient genetic transformation systems and application of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology in Lilium pumilum DC. Fisch. and Lilium longiflorum White Heaven. Int J Mol Sci 20:2929. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20122920
Yang XY, Zhang XL (2010) Regulation of somatic embryogenesis in higher plants. Crit Rev Plant Sci 29:36–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352680903436291
Yang L, Bian L, Shen HL, Li YH (2013) Somatic embryogenesis and plantlet regeneration from mature zygotic embryos of Manchurian ash (Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr.). Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 115:115–125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-013-0345-8
Yang Y, Zhang J, Wang J, Ren YM, Zhu YY, Sun HM (2020) Dynamic changes of miR166s at both the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels during somatic embryogenesis in Lilium. Sci Hortic 261:108928. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2019.108928
Yin ZF, Chen L, Bi WL, Wang QC, Volk GM (2014) Somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis from cryopreserved shoot tips of Lilium oriental hybrid ‘Siberia.’ Acta Hortic 1039:193–200
Zhang J, Gai MZ, Li XY, Li TL, Sun HM (2016) Somatic embryogenesis and direct as well as indirect organogenesis in Lilium pumilum DC. Fisch., an endangered ornamental and medicinal plant. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 80:1898–1906. https://doi.org/10.1080/09168451.2016.1194178
Zhang J, Gai MZ, Xue BY, Jia NN, Wang CX, Wang JX, Sun HM (2017a) The use of miRNAs as reference genes for miRNA expression normalization during Lilium somatic embryogenesis by real-time reverse transcription PCR analysis. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 129:105–118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-016-1160-9
Zhang J, Xue BY, Gai MZ, Song SL, Jia NN, Sun HM (2017b) Small RNA and transcriptome sequencing reveal a potential miRNA-mediated interaction network that functions during somatic embryogenesis in Lilium pumilum DC. Fisch. Front Plant Sci 8:566. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.00566
Zhang J, Yang Y, Wang ZP, Li XY, Sun HM (2020) Evidence of the regulatory roles of candidate miRNAs during somatic embryogenesis in Lilium davidii var. unicolor. J Plant Growth Regul. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-020-10086-4
Zhou XH, Zheng RH, Liu GX, Xu Y, Zhou YW, Laux T, Harding SA, Shi JS, Chen JH (2017) Desiccation treatment and endogenous IAA levels are key factors influencing high frequency somatic embryogenesis in Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook. Front Plant Sci 8:2054. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.02054
Zimmerman JL (1993) Somatic embryogenesis: a model for early development in higher plants. Plant Cell 5:1411–1423. https://doi.org/10.2307/3869792
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 31672179, 31872150 and 31471897).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
RY and HMS were responsible for the conception and writing of this review. RY and YS jointly revised this manuscript. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Additional information
Communicated by M. I. Beruto.
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yan, R., Sun, Y. & Sun, H. Current status and future perspectives of somatic embryogenesis in Lilium. Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult 143, 229–240 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-020-01916-0
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-020-01916-0