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Minor nutrients are critical for the improved growth of Corylus avellana shoot cultures

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Abstract

Many hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) cultivars fail to thrive in vitro on standard growth medium and the reasons for poor growth are not well understood. Our initial study of five C. avellana cultivars showed that changes in the mineral nutrients of Driver and Kuniyuki walnut (DKW) medium, including doubling the minor nutrients, produced improved growth and shoot quality. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of the individual minor mineral nutrients from DKW medium and if added nickel was required for optimal growth. Five factors were tested at 0.5 × to 4× DKW medium concentrations, [H3BO3, CuSO4·5H2O, MnSO4·H2O, Na2MoO4·2H2O and Zn(NO3)2·6H20], in a response surface design with 39 treatment combinations. Ni was not present in the DKW medium formulation so NiSO4·6H2O was varied from 0 to 6 µM. There were many significant interactions among the minor nutrients. Higher concentrations (4×) of B, Mo, and Zn increased overall shoot quality, length, and multiplication. Increased Mo improved some responses for each cultivar, and it interacted significantly with Cu and Zn. The addition of Ni greatly improved the shoot quality and length of ‘Sacajawea.’ Ni interactions were significant for the other cultivars as well, and altered the requirements for the other minor nutrients, but did not necessarily improve the overall shoot response. Improved growth and shoot quality for most cultivars required increased amounts of B, Mo, and Zn and less Mn and Cu. ‘Sacajawea’ required increased B, Cu, Zn, and Ni. All of the cultivars required minor nutrient formulations that differed greatly from DKW medium or other published minor nutrient formulations.

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Abbreviations

BA:

N6 benzyladenine

DE:

Design expert software

DKW:

Driver and Kuniyuki Walnut

Fe EDDHA:

Ferric ethylenediamine-N,N′-bis(2-hydroxyphenylacetic acid)

IBA:

Indole-3-butyric acid

Mesos:

MgSO4 and KH2PO4

MS:

Murashige and Skoog

NCGR-COR:

Yu and Reed Hazelnut Medium

PI:

Plant Introduction number (US National Plant Germplasm System)

WPM:

Woody Plant Medium

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Acknowledgments

This study was part of a MS thesis project by CH and was supported by the Oregon Hazelnut Commission and USDA-ARS CRIS 5358-21000-044-00D.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, ALS 4017, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA

    Charles Hand

  2. US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 33447 Peoria Road, Corvallis, OR, 97333, USA

    Barbara M. Reed

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  1. Charles Hand
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  2. Barbara M. Reed
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Correspondence to Barbara M. Reed.

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Hand, C., Reed, B.M. Minor nutrients are critical for the improved growth of Corylus avellana shoot cultures. Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult 119, 427–439 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-014-0545-x

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