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The case of the missing satellites

  • S.I. : Modeling and Representation
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Abstract

In the late 1990s, computational technology had advanced sufficiently that astrophysicists were able to construct reasonably high resolution computer simulations of the Local Group of galaxies. These simulations indicated there should be around 250 small satellite galaxies orbiting the Milky Way and Andromeda. In the real Local Group, however, only around 40 satellites had been observed, and only twenty or so more have been discovered since then. Despite this discrepancy in numbers, claims have been made in recent years that the ‘missing satellites problem’ has been solved. Using the examples of the constructed luminosity curve, and hydrodynamic simulations, this paper explores how simulations are used in conjunction with observation to ‘solve’ the missing satellites problem. It is suggested that the simulated universes have sufficient complexity to be (temporarily) understood as worlds in their own right, ones that can be measured and observed. By demonstrating that these virtual worlds are sufficiently ‘realistic’ with respect to observations, astrophysicists are able to make a robust argument for the existence of ‘dark’, non-observable astrophysical objects. Observational and simulated data are combined to demonstrate the plausibility—a term that develops more ontologically meaningful connotations—of both the existence and the maintenance of dark satellites. It is thus through the conflation of the real and virtual worlds, the blending of simulation data with empirical data, that the missing satellites problem is ‘solved’.

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Fig. 1

Reprinted by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd: Nature (Vogelsberger et al. 2014a, p. 178, figure b and 1c), copyright 2014. (Color figure online)

Fig. 2

© AAS. Reproduced with permission. (Color figure online)

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Notes

  1. Morgan refers to this as a ‘kind of experiment’, and the similarities to experiment are further compounded in the context of simulation. The ‘double life’ of enquiring ‘into’ and ‘with’ also has connections to understanding how simulation is described as both theory and experiment (Wilson 2016).

  2. Part of the motivation for developing the simulations was an analytic study conducted by Kauffmann et al. (1993), which suggested that galaxies should contain more satellites than were observed.

  3. SDSS-I finished releasing data in 2006 with the publication of SDSS Data Release 5 (DR5). The survey continues today with SDSS-III up to DR12 (2015), and SDSS-IV predicted for the future (http://www.sdss.org).

  4. Previous hydrodynamic simulations “either did not cover a large enough portion of the Universe to be representative, lacked adequate resolution, or failed to reach the present epoch” (Vogelsberger et al. 2014a, p. 177).

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  1. University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia

    Katia Wilson

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  1. Katia Wilson
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Wilson, K. The case of the missing satellites. Synthese 198 (Suppl 21), 1–21 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-017-1509-6

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