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A Study of the Possible Mechanism of the Ground Level Enhancement on 28 October 2021

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Abstract

We have analyzed the particle acceleration processes and energy spectra for the ground level enhancement (GLE) event on 28 October 2021 using the in situ data registered by ground-based and space-borne instruments. It is found that the onset of the soft X-ray flare component (1 – 8 Å) lies close to the onset of the GLE (≥1 GeV) and high-energy (>500 MeV) proton fluxes, indicating that the GLE event might have been initiated by the flare acceleration process. It is observed that the coronal shock traced in m-Type II burst that operates over the flare acceleration phase plays a role on the impulsive phase of high energy particles. However, the coronal shock traced in DH-Type II burst that operates over the coronal mass ejection (CME) propagation phase plays a more important role in the reacceleration of the protons of low energy (≤80 MeV) than those of high energy (>80 MeV), thus supporting previous suggestions that the CME shock prolongs the temporal evolution of low-energy proton fluxes. The finding is supported by the analyses of proton energy spectra. For instance, the peak energy spectrum after the flare follows a double power-law, exhibiting that the break energy appeared at ∼80 MeV whilst the peak spectrum of the low-energy proton fluxes is harder than that of the high-energy proton fluxes.

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Data Availability

The GOES, ACE, and Wind data are freely available through the NOAA network at www.ngdc.noaa.gov/stp/satellite/goes-r.html, izw1.caltech.edu/ACE/ASC/level2/ and solar-radio.gsfc.nasa.gov/data/wind/, respectively. The NM data are freely available through the Neutron Monitor Database at www.nmdb.eu/nest/index.php.

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Acknowledgments

We thank the authorities of the GOES, ACE, Wind, and NMDB for making their data available online.

Funding

This work is jointly funded by the National Key R&D Program of China National (Grant No. 2018YFA0404202) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 12147208). W.Q. Gan acknowledges the grant (ref.no.: 12233012 and 11921003) of the National Natural Science Foundation of China and another grant (ref.no: XDA15052200) of Chinese Academy of Sciences.

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  1. School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 611756, People’s Republic of China

    YunFeng Zhang & HuanYu Jia

  2. Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210023, People’s Republic of China

    Kazi A. Firoz, WeiQun Gan & YouPing Li

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Zhang, Y., Firoz, K.A., Gan, W. et al. A Study of the Possible Mechanism of the Ground Level Enhancement on 28 October 2021. Sol Phys 297, 155 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-022-02087-1

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