Abstract
Despite the progress made in terms of equality, there is still significant underrepresentation of women in higher education institutions, particularly in science and technology-oriented universities. The aim of this paper is to measure the efficiency of the research activity undertaken in a Spanish technological university, with a focus on the distribution by gender in the different disciplines. First, a non-concave metafrontier is estimated, which allows the introduction of different researcher profiles, by major scientific fields, and can be used to identify not only the areas that demonstrate better management of their research, development and innovation activity, but also the relative position of women scientists. Second, the cross-efficiency method is employed to construct a synthetic index, which in turn is used to establish a ranking of each of the knowledge areas that make up the analysed fields. The results show that women slightly outperform men in terms of research efficiency. University research support policies that apply efficiency criteria as the key to the distribution of grants rather than performance measured in terms of the volume of research output would improve the situation of women scientists and the incentives provided.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
The levels of inefficiency are indicated by the amount in excess of unity. For example, 1.036 corresponds to a level of inefficiency of 3.6%.
References
Aboagye, E., Jensen, I., Bergström, G., Brämberg, E. B., Pico-Espinosa, O. J., & Björklund, C. (2021). Investigating the association between publication performance and the work environment of university research academics: A systematic review. Scientometrics, 126, 3283–3301. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-020-03820-y
Abramo, G., D’Angelo, C. A., & Caprasecca, A. (2009). Gender differences in research productivity: A bibliometric analysis of the Italian academic system. Scientometrics, 79(3), 517–539. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-007-2046-8
Abramo, G., D’Angelo, C. A., & Di Costa, F. (2019). A gender analysis of top scientists’ collaboration behavior: Evidence from Italy. Scientometrics, 120, 405–418. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-019-03136-6
Abramo, G., Aksnes, D. W., & D’Angelo, C. A. (2021). Gender differences in research performance within and between countries: Italy vs Norway. Journal of Informetrics, 15(2), 101144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2021.101144
Abutabenjeh, S., Dimand, A. M., Rodriguez-Plesa, E., & Ahmadu, A. (2022). The nexus between gender diversity and research performance: The case of public procurement. International Journal of Public Administration. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2021.2013258
Academic Ranking of World Universities (2022). https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/arwu/2022.
Agarwal V (2018). The emerging trends of Nobel Prizes in science. Euroscientist. https://www.euroscientist.com/trends-nobel-prizes/
Agasisti, T., & Shibanova, E. (2022). Actual autonomy, efficiency and performance of Universities: Insights from the Russian case. International Journal of Public Administration, 45(2), 121–134. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2021.1903496
Agasisti, T., Yang, Gl., Song, Yy., & Tran, C. T. T. D. (2021). Evaluating the higher education productivity of Chinese and European “elite” universities using a meta-frontier approach. Scientometrics, 126, 5819–5853. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-021-03978-z
Banker, R. D., Charnes, A., & Cooper, W. W. (1984). Some models for estimating technical and scale inefficiencies in data envelopment analysis. Management Science, 30(9), 1078–1092. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.30.9.1078
Bansal, S., Viswanathan, B., & Meenakshi, J. V. (2022). Does research performance explain the “leaky pipeline” in Indian academia? A study of agricultural and applied economics. Agricultural Economics. https://doi.org/10.1111/agec.12744
Barron, M., & Kattan, R.B (2022). We need more girls and women in science. What are three ways in which we can support them? Education for Global Development. World Bank Blogs. https://blogs.worldbank.org/education/we-need-more-girls-and-women-science-what-are-three-ways-which-we-can-support-them
Battese, G. E., & Rao, D. S. P. (2002). Technology gap, efficiency and a stochastic metafrontier function. International Journal of Business and Economics, 1(2), 87–93.
Battese, G. E., Rao, D. S. P., & O’Donnell, C. J. (2004). A metafrontier production function for estimation of technical efficiencies and technology gaps for firms operating under different technologies. Journal of Productivity Analysis, 21, 91–103. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:PROD.0000012454.06094.29
Berghaeuser, H., & Hoelscher, M. (2020). Reinventing the third mission of higher education in Germany: Political frameworks and universities’ reactions. Tertiary Education and Management, 26, 57–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11233-019-09030-3
Bornmann, L. (2013). What is societal impact of research and how can it be assessed? A literature survey. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 64(2), 217–233. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.22803
Bresciani, S., Puertas, R., Ferraris, A., & Santoro, G. (2021). Innovation, environmental sustainability and economic development: DEA-Bootstrap and multilevel analysis to compare two regions. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 172, 121040. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121040
Calafat-Marzal, C., Sánchez-García, M., Marti, L., & Puertas, R. (2023). Agri-food 4.0: Drivers and links to innovation and eco-innovation. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 207, 107700. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2023.107700
Caldacuro, M., Olsen, J., Frandell, A., Islam, S., Johnson, T. P., Feeney, M. K., Michalegko, L., & Welch, E. (2022). COVID-19 and gender inequity in science: Consistent harm over time. PLoS ONE, 17(7), e0271089. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271089
Calvo-Iglesias, E., Epifanio, I., Estrade, S., & Mas de les Valls, E. (2022). Gender Perspective in STEM Disciplines in Spain Universities. In F. J. García-Peñalvo, A. García-Holgado, A. Dominguez, & J. Pascual (Eds.), Women in STEM in Higher Education. Good practices of attraction, access and retainment in higher education. Springer.
Casad, B., Franks, J., Garasky, C. E., Kittleman, M. M., Roesler, A. C., Hall, D. Y., & Petzel, Z. W. (2021). Gender inequality in academia: Problems and solutions for women faculty in STEM. Neuroscience Research, 99(1), 13–23. https://doi.org/10.1002/jnr.24631
Chan, H. F., & Torgler, B. (2020). Gender differences in performance of top cited scientists by field and country. Scientometrics, 125, 2421–2447. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-020-03733-w
Charnes, A., Cooper, W., & Rhodes, E. (1978). Measuring the efficiency of decision making units. European Journal of Operational Research, 2(6), 429–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-2217(78)90138-8
Cidlinská, K. (2019). How not to scare off women: Different needs of female early-stage researchers in STEM and SSH fields and the implications for support measures. Higher Education, 78, 365–388. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-018-0347-x
CohenMiller, A. S., Denise Demers, D., Heidi Schnackenberg, H., & Izekenova, Z. (2022). “You are seen; you matter:” Applying the theory of gendered organizations to equity and inclusion for mother scholars in higher education. Journal of Women and Gender in Higher Education, 15(1), 87–109. https://doi.org/10.1080/26379112.2022.2025816
Coll-Serrano, V., Benitez, R., & Bolós, V.J. (2018). Tutorial data envelopment analysis with deaR. Version 1.4. Facultat d'Economia. Universitat de València.
European Commission (2019). She figures 2018. https://data.europa.eu/doi/https://doi.org/10.2777/936
European Council (2021). Council conclusions on the European Universities initiative—Bridging higher education, research, innovation and society: Paving the way for a new dimension in European higher education 2021/C 221/03. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52021XG0610%2802%29
Davison, R. M., & Bjørn-Andersen, N. (2019). Do we care about the societal impact of our research? Information Systems Journal, 29(5), 989–993. https://doi.org/10.1111/isj.12259
de Castro-Pardo, M., Fernández-Martínez, P., & Pérez-Zabaleta, A. (2022). An initial assessment of water security in Europe using a DEA approach. Sustainable Technology and Entrepreneurship, 1(1), 100002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stae.2022.100002
De Saa-Perez, P., Diaz-Diaz, N. L., Aguiar-Diaz, I., & Ballesteros-Rodriguez, J. L. (2017). How diversity contributes to academic research teams performance. R & D Management, 47(2), 165–179. https://doi.org/10.1111/radm.12139
Real Decreto 822/2021, de 28 de septiembre, por el que se establece la organización de las enseñanzas universitarias y del procedimiento de aseguramiento de su calidad. BOE núm. 233, de 29/09/2021. Ministerio de Universidades. https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2021/09/28/822/con
Defazio, D., Kolympiris, C., Perkmann, M., & Salter, A. (2022). Busy academics share less: The impact of professional and family roles on academic withholding behaviour. Studies in Higher Education, 47(4), 731–750. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2020.1793931
Dos Santos, E. D., Albahari, A., Díaz, S., & De Freitas, E. C. (2022). ‘Science and technology as feminine’: Raising awareness about and reducing the gender gap in STEM careers. Journal of Gender Studies, 31(4), 505–518. https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2021.1922272
Fatourou, P., Papageorgiou, Y., & Petousi, V. (2019). Women are needed in STEM: European policies and incentives. Communications of the ACM, 62(4), 52–57. https://doi.org/10.1145/3312565
Fisher, C. R., Thompson, C. D., & Brookes, R. H. (2020). Gender differences in the Australian undergraduate STEM student experience: a systematic review. Higher Education Research & Development, 39(6), 1155–1168. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2020.1721441
Fox, M. F., & Nikivincze, I. (2021). Being highly prolific in academic science: Characteristics of individuals and their departments. Higher Education, 81, 1237–1255. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-020-00609-z
Garcia-Alvarez-Coque, J.-M., Mas-Verdú, F., & Roig-Tierno, N. (2021). Life below excellence: Exploring the links between top-ranked universities and regional competitiveness. Studies in Higher Education, 46(2), 369–384. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2019.1637843
García-Holgado, A., & García-Peñalvo, F. J. (2022). A model for bridging the gender gap in STEM in higher education institutions. In F. J. García-Peñalvo, A. García-Holgado, A. Dominguez, & J. Pascual (Eds.), Women in STEM in higher education. Good practices of attraction, access and retainment in higher education. Springer.
García-Mollá, M., Puertas, R., & Sanchis-Ibor, C. (2021). Application of data envelopment analysis to evaluate investments in the modernization of collective management irrigation systems in Valencia (Spain). Water Resources Management, 35, 5011–5027. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-021-02986-1
González Ramos, A. M., Fernández Palacín, F., & Muñoz Márquez, M. (2015). Do men and women perform academic work differently? Tertiary Education and Management, 21, 263–276. https://doi.org/10.1080/13583883.2015.1065904
Greider, C. W., Sheltzer, J. M., Cantalupo, N. C., Copeland, W. B., Dasgupta, N., Hopkins, N., Jansen, J. M., Joshua-Tor, L., Mcdowell, G. S., Metcalf, J. L., Mclaughlin, B., Olivarius, A., O’shea, E. K., Raymond, J. L., Ruebain, D., Steitz, J. A., Stillman, B., Tilghman, S. M., Valian, V., … Wong, J. Y. (2019). Increasing gender diversity in the STEM research workforce. Policy Forum, 366(6466), 692–695. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaz0649
Haghani, M., Abbasi, A., Zwack, C. C., Shahhoseini, Z., & Haslam, N. (2022). Trends of research productivity across author gender and research fields: A multidisciplinary and multi-country observational study. PLoS ONE, 17(8), e0271998. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271998
Hermanu, A. I., Sondari, M. C., Dimyati, M., & Sari, D. (2022). Study on university research performance based on systems theory: Systematic literature review. International Journal of Productivity and Quality Management, 35(4), 447–598. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJPQM.2022.122777
Horta, H., Panova, A., Santos, J., & Yudkevich, M. (2022). The adaptation of academics to the Covid-19 crisis in terms of work time allocation. PLoS ONE, 17(8), e0273246. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0273246
Huang, J., Gates, A. J., Sinatra, R., & Barabási, A. L. (2020). Historical comparison of gender inequality in scientific careers across countries and disciplines. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(9), 4609–4616. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1914221117
Kamenetzky, A., & Hinrichs-Krapels, S. (2020). How do organisations implement research impact assessment (RIA) principles and good practice? A narrative review and exploratory study of four international research funding and administrative organisations. Health Research Policy and Systems. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-019-0515-1
Kang, Y., & Liu, R. (2021). Does the merger of universities promote their scientific research performance? Evidence from China. Research Policy, 50(1), 104098. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2020.104098
Khan, M. S., Lakha, F., Tan, M. M. J., Singh, S. R., Quek, R. Y. C., Han, E., Tan, S. M., Haldane, V., Gea-Sánchez, M., & Legido-Quigley, H. (2019). More talk than action: Gender and ethnic diversity in leading public health universities. The Lancet, 393(10171), 594–600. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32609-6
Ko, Y., Ko, H., Chung, Y., & Woo, C. (2021). Do gender equality and work–life balance matter for innovation performance? Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 33(2), 148–161. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537325.2020.1799971
Larivière, V., Ni, C., Gingras, Y., Cronin, B., & Sugimoto, C. R. (2013). Bibliometrics: Global gender disparities in science. Nature, 504, 211–213. https://doi.org/10.1038/504211a
Lerchenmueller, M. J., & Sorenson, O. (2018). The gender gap in early career transitions in the life sciences. Research Policy, 47(6), 1007–1017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2018.02.009
Liao, C. H., & Lian, J. W. (2022). Gender inequality in applying research project and funding. Journal of Information Science. https://doi.org/10.1177/01655515221097861
Lindahl, J., Colliander, C., & Danell, R. (2020). Early career performance and its correlation with gender and publication output during doctoral education. Scientometrics, 122, 309–330. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-019-03262-1
Lindgreen, A., Di Benedetto, C. A., Clarke, A. H., Evald, M. R., Bjørn-Andersen, N., & Lambert, D. M. (2021). How to define, identify, and measure societal value. Industrial Marketing Management, 97, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2020.05.013
Liu, H. H., & Kuo, F. H. (2020). Evaluation of the operational efficiency of selected senior and vocational high schools in Taiwan with DEA meta-frontier approach: a managerial perspective. Journal of Business and Management Sciences, 8(2), 67–76. https://doi.org/10.12691/jbms-8-2-5
Liu, H., Song, Y., & Yang, G. (2019). Cross-efficiency evaluation in data envelopment analysis based on prospect theory. European Journal of Operational Research, 273, 364–375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2018.07.046
Liu, M., Shan, Y., & Li, Y. (2023). Heterogeneous Partners, R&D cooperation and corporate innovation capability: Evidence from Chinese manufacturing firms. Technology in Society, 72, 102183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2022.102183
Lunnemann, P., Jensen, M. H., & Jauffred, L. (2019). Gender bias in Nobel prizes. Palgrave Communications, 5, 46. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-019-0256-3
Ma, Y., Teng, Y., Deng, Z., Liu, L., & Zhang, Y. (2023). Does writing style affect gender differences in the research performance of articles?: An empirical study of BERT-based textual sentiment analysis. Scientometrics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-023-04666-w
Maddi, A., & Gingras, Y. (2021). Gender diversity in research teams and citation impact in economics and management. Journal of Economic Surveys, 35(5), 1381–1404. https://doi.org/10.1111/joes.12420
Martí, L., Cervelló-Royo, R., & Puertas, R. (2022). Analysis of the nexus between country risk, environmental policies, and human development. Energy Research & Social Science, 92, 102767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2022.102767
McKenna, H. P. (2020). Research impact: Guidance on advancement, achievement and assessment. Springe.
Miotto, G., Del-Castillo-Feito, C., & Blanco-González, A. (2020). Reputation and legitimacy: Key factors for higher education institutions’ sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Business Research, 112, 342–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.11.076
Modgil, S., Gill, R., Lakshmi Sharma, V., Velassery, S., & Anand, A. (2018). Nobel nominations in science: Constraints of the fairer sex. Annals of Neurosciences, 25(2), 63–78. https://doi.org/10.1159/000481906
Mohd Rasdi, R., Tauhed, S. Z., Zaremohzzabieh, Z., & Ahrari, S. (2022). Determinants of research performance of university academics and the moderating and mediating roles of organizational culture and job crafting. European Journal of Training and Development. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJTD-11-2021-0192ç
Morgan, A. C., Way, S. F., Hoefer, M. J. D., Barremore, D. B., Galesic, M., & Clauset, A. (2021). The unequal impact of parenthood in academia. Science Advances. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd1996
Morgan Jones, M., Manville, C., & Chataway, J. (2017). Learning from the UK’s research impact assessment exercise: A case study of a retrospective impact assessment exercise and questions for the future. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 47(3), 722–746. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-017-9608-6
Nielsen, M. W., & Börjeson, L. (2019). Gender diversity in the management field: Does it matter for research outcomes? Research Policy, 48(7), 1617–1632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2019.03.006
Nygaard, L. P., Aksnes, D. W., & Piro, F. N. (2022). Identifying gender disparities in research performance: The importance of comparing apples with apples. Higher Education, 84, 1127–1142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-022-00820-0
Paswan, J., & Singh, V. K. (2020). Gender and research publishing analyzed through the lenses of discipline, institution types, impact and international collaboration: A case study from India. Scientometrics, 123, 497–515. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-020-03398-5
Patterson, L., Varadarajan, D. S., & Saji Salim, B. (2021). Women in STEM/SET: Gender gap research review of the United Arab Emirates (UAE)—a meta-analysis. Gender in Management, 36(8), 881–911. https://doi.org/10.1108/GM-11-2019-0201
Pilkina, M., & Lovakov, A. (2022). Gender disparities in Russian academia: A bibliometric analysis. Scientometrics, 127, 3577–3591. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-022-04383-w
Puertas, R., & Marti, M. L. (2023). Regional analysis of the sustainable development of two Mediterranean countries: Spain and Italy. Sustainable Development, 31(2), 797–811. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2420
Puertas, R. M., Martín Martín, J. M., Guaita Martínez, J. M., & Serdeira Azevedo, P. (2022). Analysis of the role of innovation and efficiency in coastal destinations affected by tourism seasonality. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 7(1), 100163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2022.100163
Régner, I., Thinus-Blanc, C., Netter, A., Schmader, T., & Huguet, R. (2019). Committees with implicit biases promote fewer women when they do not believe gender bias exists. Nature Human Behavior, 3, 1171–1179. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-019-0686-3
Rosa, R. (2022). The trouble with ‘work–life balance’ in neoliberal academia: A systematic and critical review. Journal of Gender Studies, 31(1), 55–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2021.1933926
Sá, C., Cowley, S., Martinez, M., Kachynska, N., & Sabzalieva, E. (2020). Gender gaps in research productivity and recognition among elite scientists in the US. Canada and South Africa. Plos ONE, 15(1), e0240903. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240903
Santos, J. M., Horta, H., & Amâncio, L. (2021). Research agendas of female and male academics: A new perspective on gender disparities in academia. Gender and Education, 33(5), 625–643. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540253.2020.1792844
Sarabi, Y., & Smith, M. (2023). Gender diversity and publication activity—an analysis of STEM in the UK. Research Evaluation. https://doi.org/10.1093/reseval/rvad008
Sexton, T. R., Silkman, R. H., & Hogan, A. J. (1986). Data envelopment analysis: Critique and extensions. New Directions for Program Evaluation, 32, 73–105. https://doi.org/10.1002/ev.1441
Shen, H., Cheng, Y., Ju, X., & Xie, J. (2022). Rethinking the effect of inter-gender collaboration on research performance for scholars. Journal of Informetrics, 16(4), 101352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2022.101352
Silander, C. (2019). Gender equality in the European Union. Political entrepreneurship in Europe 2020: Smart, sustainable and inclusive growth in Europe. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Silander, C., Haake, U., Lindberg, L., & Riis, U. (2022). Nordic research on gender equality in academic careers: A literature review. European Journal of Higher Education, 12(1), 72–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/21568235.2021.1895858
Squazzoni, F., Bravo, G., Grimaldo, F., García-Costa, D., Farjam, M., & Mehmani, B. (2021). Gender gap in journal submissions and peer review during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic A study on 2329 Elsevier journals. PLoS ONE, 16(10), e0257919. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257919
Szuwarzyński, A. (2019). Benefit of the doubt approach to assessing the research performance of Australian universities. Higher Education Quarterly, 73(2), 235–250. https://doi.org/10.1111/hequ.12184
Thelwall, M. (2020). Female citation impact superiority 1996–2018 in six out of seven English-speaking nations. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 71(8), 979–990. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.24316
Tiedemann, T., Francksen, T., & Latacz-Lohmann, U. (2011). Assessing the performance of German Bundesliga football players: A non-parametric metafrontier approach. Central European Journal of Operations Research, 19, 571–587. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10100-010-0146-7
Tzanakou, C., & Pearce, R. (2019). Moderate feminism within or against the neoliberal university? The example of Athena SWAN. Gender, Work & Organization, 26(8), 1191–1211. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12336
van Arensbergen, P., Weijden, I. V. D., & Besselaar, P. V. D. (2012). Gender differences in scientific productivity: A persisting phenomenon? Scientometrics, 93(3), 857–868. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-012-0712-y
Verdugo-Castro, S., García-Holgado, A., & Sánchez-Gómez, M. C. (2022). The gender gap in higher STEM studies: A systematic literature review. Heliyon, 8(8), e10300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10300
Villano, R. A., & Tran, C. D. T. T. (2019). Technical efficiency heterogeneity of tertiary institutions in Viet Nam: A metafrontier directional technology approach. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 25(6), 1058–1080. https://doi.org/10.3846/tede.2019.7452
Wongchai, A., Liu, W. B., & Peng, K. C. (2012). Dea metafrontier analysis on technical efficiency differences of national universities in Thailand. International Journal on New Trends in Education and Their Implications, 3(4), 30–42.
Xia, C. Y., Yuan, Z. H., He, W. Y., & Zhao, J. H. (2021). An empirical study on scientific research performance of universities in different regions of China based on PCA and Malmquist Index method. Education Research International. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9699640
Zhang, M., Zhang, G., Liu, Y., Zhai, X., & Han, X. (2020). Scientists’ genders and international academic collaboration: An empirical study of Chinese universities and research institutes. Journal of Informetrics, 14(4), 101068. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2020.101068
Acknowledgements
The authors are very grateful to the Vicerrectorate of Research at Universitat Politècnica de València, for supporting the building of the database and for following the Ethical protocol to keep individual anonimty of data. In particular we acknowledge the collaboration of professors Jose-Esteban Capilla-Roma and Luis Manuel Sanchez-Ruiz. Possible unexpected errors are full responsibility of this article’s authors.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Appendix
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Puertas, R., Marti, L. & García-Álvarez-Coque, J.M. Are female researchers more efficient? An analysis of gender in a Spanish technological university. Scientometrics 128, 6611–6632 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-023-04844-w
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-023-04844-w