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The synthesis of biochar from biomass waste recycling and its surface modification for immobilization of a new Cu complex as a reusable nanocatalyst in the homoselective synthesis of tetrazoles

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Abstract

Inexpensive and recyclable catalysts, waste regeneration, that utilize safe and available solvents are important factors in laboratory and industrial applications. On the other hand, biochar nanoparticles are new precursors for the solid phase of carbon materials with novel characteristics, which exists synthetically or naturally. Therefore in this work, biochar nanoparticles were prepared from the pyrolysis of biomass resulting from chicken manure. Therefore, it is a suitable method for biomass waste recycling. Then, the surface of biochar nanoparticles was modified by (3-aminoopropyl)trimethoxysilane in n-hexane for 24 h at 60 °C, which the modified biochar nanoparticles were named nPr-NH2@biochar. Next, the modified biochar nanoparticles were functionalized by di(pyridin-2-yl)methanone (DPMI) in ethanol at 80 °C for 24 h, and the functionalized biochar nanoparticles were named as DPMI@biochar. Finally, a new copper Schiff-base complex of di(pyridin-2-yl)methanimine (DPMI) was immobilized on the surface of functionalized biochar nanoparticles (Cu-DPMI@biochar). This biochar-based catalyst nanostructure (Cu-DPMI@biochar) was used as a practical and reusable catalyst in the homoselective synthesis of 5-substituted-1H-tetrazole compounds by [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction of sodium azide and nitrile derivatives. This catalyst was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), wavelength-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (WDX), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) techniques. Cu-DPMI@biochar can be recovered and reused several times.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the research facilities of Dezful Branch, Islamic Azad University, Dezful, Iran, and also Ilam University, Ilam, Iran, for financial support of this research project.

Funding

This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. No funding was received.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Dezful Branch, Islamic Azad University, Dezful, Iran

    Mohammad Alekasir & Samaneh Heydarian

  2. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ilam University, P. O. Box 69315516, Ilam, Iran

    Bahman Tahmasbi

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  1. Mohammad Alekasir
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MA helped in data collection and methodology. SH supervised the study. BT was involved in supervision, writing—original draft, writing review and editing.

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Correspondence to Samaneh Heydarian.

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Alekasir, M., Heydarian, S. & Tahmasbi, B. The synthesis of biochar from biomass waste recycling and its surface modification for immobilization of a new Cu complex as a reusable nanocatalyst in the homoselective synthesis of tetrazoles. Res Chem Intermed 50, 2031–2049 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11164-024-05252-2

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