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Green production of biologically active Ag and Ag–Cu nanoparticles from Prosopis cineraria pod waste extract and their application in epoxidation

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Abstract

The main focus of the current research is bio-nano-technologically produced nanoparticles (NPs) utilizing waste materials. There is a need for developing advanced technology to reduce waste in an eco-friendly way. Therefore, presently the discarded aqueous portion of Prosopis cineraria pod was used after boiling, to synthesize Ag and Ag–Cu NPs. FT-IR spectra illustrated the presence of phenyl propenoids and flavonoids displaying capping as well as reducing properties. TEM and SEM imaging exhibited an average size of Ag NPs (14 nm) and Ag–Cu NPs (27 nm). The crystallinity nature was confirmed by XRD, and the Cu in Ag–Cu NPs was validated through energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. According to the antimicrobial data, Saccharomyces cerevisiae displayed a zone of inhibition (ZOI) of 42.85% (Ag NPs) and 33.98% (Ag–Cu NPs) at lower concentrations (0.0321 mg/ml), while Bacillus subtilis was found most susceptible (85% ZOI) to Ag NPs at 0.5 mg/ml concentration. Further, these NPs (Ag and Ag–Cu) were utilized in the epoxidation of alkene moieties. Ag NPs showed lower conversion (65%), while Ag–Cu NPs were very active for epoxidation of linalool (93% conversion), suggesting the presence of Cu-facilitated epoxidation. To the best of our knowledge for the first time, aqueous waste is applied to prepare green NPs that can be used as antimicrobial agents and in the synthesis of platform chemicals (epoxide) for industrial aspects. These inexpensive ways of producing green NPs have been utilized several times and have found potential applications in nano-medicine, therapeutics, and modification of monoterpenoids to fine fragrance.

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Availability of data and material

The quality and reproducibility of the catalytic experiments for epoxidation of monoterpenoids were verified by triplicate analysis of the experiments, and the results reported in this article correspond to the average of these measurements. The synthesis of NPs procedure and their associated antimicrobial activities reported are truthful, and no details are omitted that allowed the obtaining of these materials as they are reported in this manuscript. The spectroscopic measurements taken are kept in their original files.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to the Director, CSIR-CIMAP, Lucknow, for providing the necessary laboratory facilities under the CSIR-Aroma mission (HCP0007, PE-II). The authors are thankful to SERB, DST for financial grant (CRG/2021/002525) for carrying out this work. Dr. S Chaturvedi is thankful to DST for WOS-A fellowship (DST/WOS-A/CS-94/2021).

Funding

The work was financially supported by the Science and Engineering Research Board, DST, India, with grant number CRG/2021/002525. Dr. S Chaturvedi is provided financial support from DST, India, in the form of WOS-A Fellowship with award number DST/WOS-A/CS-94/2021.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Phytochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, 226015, India

    Prashant Kumar, Praveen Kumar Sharma, Shivani Chaturvedi, Suman Singh, ChandanSingh Chanotiya & Prasant Kumar Rout

  2. Enzyme and Microbial Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, 110016, India

    Shivani Chaturvedi & Huma Fatima

  3. Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, 110016, India

    Shreya Tripathi

  4. Division of Microbiology, ICAR- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Delhi, 110012, India

    Minakshi Grover

  5. Chemistry Department, C.V. Raman Global University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 752054, India

    Priyabrat Mohapatra

  6. Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India

    Prashant Kumar, Praveen Kumar Sharma, ChandanSingh Chanotiya & Prasant Kumar Rout

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  1. Prashant Kumar
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Contributions

Prashant Kumar contributed to experimental plan, data curation, and writing—original draft. Praveen Kumar Sharma contributed to experimental plan, data curation, and writing—original draft. Suman Singh contributed to writing of the bio-activity part. Shivani Chaturvedi contributed to conceptualization, supervision, and writing. Shreya Tripathi contributed to FT-IR analysis and data interpretation. Huma Fatima contributed to TEM analysis. Minakshi Grover contributed to microbial analysis, and supervision. Priyabrat Mohapatra contributed to methodology, validation of data, and visualization. Chandan Singh Chanotiya contributed to the experimental plan, GC-FID and GC/MS analysis, and data curation. Prasant Kumar Rout contributed to methodology, validation, investigation, funding acquisition, and writing—review and editing.

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Correspondence to Prasant Kumar Rout.

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Kumar, P., Sharma, P.K., Chaturvedi, S. et al. Green production of biologically active Ag and Ag–Cu nanoparticles from Prosopis cineraria pod waste extract and their application in epoxidation. Res Chem Intermed 49, 557–575 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11164-022-04887-3

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