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Mother tongue-based bilingual education in Papua New Guinea

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Abstract

Papua New Guinea (PNG), an independent state in the southwest Pacific, is the most linguistically diverse country in the world. Its roughly six million people speak over 800 distinct languages. In spite of this diversity, in 1995 the Papua New Guinean government established a mother tongue-based bilingual education programme in which community languages are taught as a subject and used for instruction in the first three years of formal education. English is introduced as a subject in the third year of school and becomes one of the languages of instruction, with the community language, in early primary. In grades seven and eight, teachers use only English for instruction, although community languages can still be used informally. By the early 2000s, over 400 languages were being used in PNG’s formal education system. This paper describes the background to PNG’s bilingual education programme, then provides an overview of its main features and the positive outcomes as well as the problems encountered since it was initiated 15 years ago.

Résumé

Enseignement bilingue fondé sur la langue maternelle en Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée – La Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée, État indépendant situé dans le Sud-Ouest du Pacifique, est le pays le plus diversifié au monde sur le plan linguistique. Ses habitants, au nombre d’environ six millions, parlent plus de 800 langues distinctes. En dépit de cette diversité, son gouvernement a instauré en 1995 un programme d’enseignement bilingue fondé sur la langue maternelle. La langue communautaire y est enseignée en tant que matière et utilisée comme langue d’instruction pendant les trois premières années de l’éducation formelle. L’anglais est introduit comme matière relativement tôt dans le cycle primaire, dès la troisième année, pour devenir l’une des langues d’enseignement parallèlement à la langue communautaire. Au niveau des 7e et 8e années, les enseignants utilisent exclusivement l’anglais, même si la langue communautaire est encore parlée en situation informelle. Au début du millénaire, plus de 400 langues étaient utilisées dans le système éducatif formel de Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée. Cet article décrit l’origine du programme éducatif bilingue de ce pays, puis aborde dans les grandes lignes ses principales caractéristiques, ses résultats positifs ainsi que les difficultés rencontrées depuis sa création il y a quinze ans.

Zusammenfassung

Zweisprachige Bildung auf der Grundlage der Muttersprache in Papua-Neuguinea – Papua-Neuguinea (PNG), ein unabhängiger Staat im Südwestpazifik, ist das Land mit der weltweit größten Sprachenvielfalt. Seine rund sechs Millionen Menschen sprechen mehr als achthundert verschiedene Sprachen. Trotz dieser Vielfalt hat die Regierung von Papua-Neuguinea 1995 ein zweisprachiges Bildungsprogramm auf der Grundlage der Muttersprache eingeführt, in dem die Regionalsprachen als Fächer unterrichtet werden und in den ersten drei Jahren der formalen Bildung als Unterrichtssprachen dienen. Englisch wird im dritten Schuljahr als Unterrichtsfach eingeführt und, neben der Muttersprache, zu Beginn der Primarstufe als Unterrichtssprache verwendet. In den Klassen sieben und acht halten die Lehrkräfte ihren Unterricht ganz auf Englisch, auch wenn die Regionalsprachen in informellen Zusammenhängen weiterhin verwendet werden können. Zu Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts wurden im formalen Bildungssystem von PNG über vierhundert Sprachen gesprochen. In diesem Artikel wird zunächst der Hintergrund des zweisprachigen Bildungsprogramms in PNG beschrieben. Dann folgt ein Überblick über die wichtigsten Kennzeichen und die erzielten Erfolge, aber auch über die Probleme, auf die man seit seiner Einführung vor 15 Jahren gestoßen ist.

Resumen

Educación basada en la lengua materna, en Papúa Nueva Guinea – Papúa Nueva Guinea, un Estado independiente del sudoeste asiático, es el país con la mayor diversidad lingüística del mundo. Sus aproximadamente seis millones de habitantes hablan alrededor de ochocientas lenguas diferentes. Pese a esta diversidad, en 1995 el gobierno de Papua Nueva Guinea estableció un programa de educación bilingüe basada en la lengua materna; las lenguas comunitarias se enseñan como asignatura y se usan para la enseñanza en los tres primeros años de la educación formal. El inglés se introduce como asignatura en el tercer año escolar y se convierte en una de las lenguas de instrucción, junto con la lengua comunitaria, en los primeros años de la escuela primaria. En los grados sexto y séptimo, los docentes emplean solamente el inglés para la enseñanza, pero se permite que la lengua comunitaria se siga usando a nivel informal. A principios del nuevo milenio, más de cuatrocientas lenguas se han estado usando en el sistema formal de educación de Papua Nueva Guinea. En este trabajo, las autoras describen las bases del programa de educación bilingüe de Papua Nueva Guinea y ofrecen una visión de conjunto de sus características principales y de los resultados positivos, al igual que de los problemas que aparecieron desde su inicio quince años atrás.

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Notes

  1. Estimated number of speakers of the three linguae francae: Tok Pisin: 4 million first language (L1) and second language (L2) speakers; Hiri Motu: 120,000 L2 speakers; English: 50,000 L2 speakers, most of whom mastered the language in school (Lewis 2009).

  2. See Section 1.2.5 (Papua New Guinean Ways) of the Preamble to the Constitution of the Independent State of Papua New Guinea (Government of Papua New Guinea 1975).

  3. In Papua New Guinea (PNG), “tok ples”, “vernacular”, “mother tongue” and “L1” are all used when referring to children’s everyday language. L2 is often used to refer to the second – in this case, the school-language.

  4. This development was initially based on the creation of elementary level classrooms in the villages for the first three years of formal education at elementary level (EP, E1 and E2). Thus, the Grade 1 and 2 classrooms not used in the primary school were available for the “top up” – that is, Grades 7 and 8 could be added to the primary school system without building additional classrooms.

  5. Ministry of Education, Papua New Guinea (1999).

  6. SIL International has been involved in over 400 language programmes in PNG. SIL members served as technical advisors to the National Department of Education in the early years of the current educational innovation.

  7. CRIP website: http://www.pngcurriculumreform.ac.pg/ (accessed on 23 November 2011).

  8. See http://www.pngcurriculumreform.ac.pg/elementary/curriculum.htm (accessed on 23 November 2011).

  9. See Australian Government and AusAID (2006).

  10. See http://www.pngcurriculumreform.ac.pg/research/impact.htm (accessed on 23 November 2011]).

  11. This paper uses the term “bridging” (as in a two-way bridge) rather than “transfer” or “transition” when referring to the process of helping students acquire a second language. The bridge analogy emphasises that effective language education enables students to gain fluency and confidence in using both L1 and L2 for lifelong learning and communication.

  12. Thomas and Collier (2001, 2003a, b) in the USA; Walter and Dekker (2008) in the Philippines; Alidou et al. (2006) in Africa; Droop and Verhoeven (2003) in Europe are just a few of research studies demonstrating the value of mother tongue-based multilingual education.

  13. See, for example, Peter Korugl’s 2008 Post Courier article, “Parents want English in lower schools”.

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Malone, S., Paraide, P. Mother tongue-based bilingual education in Papua New Guinea. Int Rev Educ 57, 705–720 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11159-011-9256-2

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