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Tradition, globalisation and language dilemma in education: African options for the 21st century

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Abstract

This paper addresses the dilemma of language in education in African countries with particular reference to Burundi. African languages are still marginalised by colonial languages such as French and English. Looking at other African countries in general and at the case of Burundi in detail, an analysis is made of the adopted policies aimed at promoting the use of the mother tongue as a basis for knowledge acquisition and cultural integration. Burundi has gone through a series of educational reforms both before and after gaining independence in 1962, with French and Kirundi competing as curricular teaching languages. After the integration of Burundi into the East African Community in July 2007, English and Kiswahili were added to the curriculum, complicating education policies. This article places particular emphasis on the contextual challenges that tend to impair the full implementation of the adopted policy reforms. The paper concludes by advocating for a multilingual approach in which the indigenous mother tongue serves as the basis for the acquisition of other languages in the curriculum.

Résumé

Tradition, mondialisation et dilemme linguistique dans l’enseignement : options africaines pour le XXIe siècle – Cet article aborde le dilemme de la langue d’enseignement dans les pays africains, en se référant en particulier au Burundi. Les langues africaines sont aujourd’hui encore marginalisées par les anciennes langues coloniales telles que le français et l’anglais. En étudiant d’autres pays africains en général et le cas du Burundi en particulier, l’auteur analyse les politiques adoptées visant à promouvoir l’usage de la langue maternelle en tant que base pour l’acquisition des connaissances et l’intégration culturelle. Le Burundi a traversé une série de réformes éducatives tant avant qu’après l’accession à son indépendance en 1962, le français et le kirundi se trouvant en concurrence en tant que langues d’enseignement. Après l’intégration du Burundi à la Communauté d’Afrique de l’Est en juillet 2007, l’anglais et le kiswahili ont été ajoutés aux programmes scolaires, compliquant ainsi les politiques éducatives. L’auteur insiste sur les défis contextuels, qui entravent parfois la pleine application des réformes stratégiques adoptées. Il conclut en plaidant pour une approche multilingue, dans laquelle la langue maternelle autochtone sert de base à l’acquisition d’autres langues prévues dans le programme.

Zusammenfassung

Tradition, Globalisierung und Sprachdilemma in der Bildung: afrikanische Optionen für das 21. Jahrhundert – In diesem Artikel geht es um das Sprachdilemma im Bildungsbereich in afrikanischen Ländern, unter besonderer Berücksichtigung Burundis. Afrikanische Sprachen werden noch immer durch die Kolonialsprachen, beispielsweise Französisch und Englisch, marginalisiert. Mit Blick auf andere afrikanische Länder im Allgemeinen und das Fallbeispiel Burundi im Besonderen werden die politischen Strategien analysiert, die beschlossen wurden, um den Gebrauch der Muttersprache als Grundlage für Wissenserwerb und kulturelle Integration zu fördern. Sowohl vor als auch nach 1962, als Burundi die Unabhängigkeit erlangte, führte das Land mehrere Bildungsreformen durch, wobei Französisch und Kirundi im Lehrplan als Unterrichtssprachen miteinander konkurrierten. Nach der Eingliederung Burundis in die Ostafrikanische Gemeinschaft im Juli 2007 wurden Englisch und Kisuaheli in den Lehrplan aufgenommen, was die Bildungspolitik noch komplizierter machte. Ein besonderer Schwerpunkt dieses Artikels liegt auf den kontextuellen Herausforderungen, die die vollständige Umsetzung der beschlossenen Reformpolitik tendenziell behindern. Der Artikel schließt mit einem Plädoyer für einen mehrsprachigen Ansatz, der die indigene Muttersprache im Lehrplan zur Grundlage für den Erwerb anderer Sprachen macht.

Resumen

El dilema de tradición, globalización y lengua en la educación: opciones africanas para el siglo XXI – Con este trabajo, el autor aborda el problema que presentan las lenguas en la educación en países africanos, refiriéndose específicamente a Burundi. Las lenguas africanas siguen estando marginadas por lenguas coloniales como el francés y el inglés. Con la mirada puesta en otros países africanos en general y en Burundi en especial, analiza las políticas adoptadas para promover el uso de la lengua materna, como punto de partida para la adquisición de conocimientos y de la integración cultural. Tanto antes como después de haber alcanzado su independencia en 1962, Burundi experimentó una serie de reformas del sistema educativo, en cuyos currículos competían el francés y el kirundi como lenguas de enseñanza. Tras la integración, en el 2007, de Burundi en la Comunidad Africana Oriental, se sumaron al currículo el inglés y el suajili, complicando las políticas de educación. Con este artículo, el autor pone especial énfasis en los retos contextuales, tendientes a obstaculizar la implementación completa de las reformas de políticas adoptadas. Finalmente, aboga por un enfoque multilingüe, donde la lengua materna originaria sirva de base para la adquisición de otras lenguas previstas en el currículo.

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Notes

  1. The eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) that all 193 United Nations member states and at least 23 international organisations have agreed to achieve by the year 2015.

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Correspondence to Hermenegilde Rwantabagu.

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Rwantabagu, H. Tradition, globalisation and language dilemma in education: African options for the 21st century. Int Rev Educ 57, 457–475 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11159-011-9214-z

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