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Variation in leaf photosynthetic capacity within plant canopies: optimization, structural, and physiological constraints and inefficiencies

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Abstract

Leaf photosynthetic capacity (light-saturated net assimilation rate, AA) increases from bottom to top of plant canopies as the most prominent acclimation response to the conspicuous within-canopy gradients in light availability. Light-dependent variation in AA through plant canopies is associated with changes in key leaf structural (leaf dry mass per unit leaf area), chemical (nitrogen (N) content per area and dry mass, N partitioning between components of photosynthetic machinery), and physiological (stomatal and mesophyll conductance) traits, whereas the contribution of different traits to within-canopy AA gradients varies across sites, species, and plant functional types. Optimality models maximizing canopy carbon gain for a given total canopy N content predict that AA should be proportionally related to canopy light availability. However, comparison of model expectations with experimental data of within-canopy photosynthetic trait variations in representative plant functional types indicates that such proportionality is not observed in real canopies, and AA vs. canopy light relationships are curvilinear. The factors responsible for deviations from full optimality include stronger stomatal and mesophyll diffusion limitations at higher light, reflecting greater water limitations and more robust foliage in higher light. In addition, limits on efficient packing of photosynthetic machinery within leaf structural scaffolding, high costs of N redistribution among leaves, and limited plasticity of N partitioning among components of photosynthesis machinery constrain AA plasticity. Overall, this review highlights that the variation of AA through plant canopies reflects a complex interplay between adjustments of leaf structure and function to multiple environmental drivers, and that AA plasticity is limited by inherent constraints on and trade-offs between structural, chemical, and physiological traits. I conclude that models trying to simulate photosynthesis gradients in plant canopies should consider co-variations among environmental drivers, and the limitation of functional trait variation by physical constraints and include the key trade-offs between structural, chemical, and physiological leaf characteristics.

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Acknowledgements

The work of ÜN on plant canopies and improvement of plant photosynthesis has been supported by the Estonian Research Council, European Regional Development Fund through the Center of Excellence EcolChange and by European Commission (Horizon 2020 Project GAIN4CROPS, Grant Agreement 862087). I thank the organizers of the 18th International Congress on Photosynthesis Research (Dunedin, New Zealand, July 31–August 5, 2022) for the opportunity to present this analysis.

Funding

Funding was provided by Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (GAIN4CROPS, Grant Agreement 862087) and European Regional Development Fund (Center of Excellence EcolChange).

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  1. Chair of Plant and Crop Science, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51011, Tartu, Estonia

    Ülo Niinemets

  2. Estonian Academy of Sciences, Kohtu 6, 10130, Tallinn, Estonia

    Ülo Niinemets

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ÜN wrote the whole MS

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Niinemets, Ü. Variation in leaf photosynthetic capacity within plant canopies: optimization, structural, and physiological constraints and inefficiencies. Photosynth Res 158, 131–149 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-023-01043-9

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