Abstract
Microalgae cultivation utilizes the energy of sunlight to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) for producing renewable energy feedstock. The commercial success of the biological fixation of carbon in a consistent manner depends upon the availability of a robust microalgae strain. In the present work, we report the identification of a novel marine Nannochloris sp. through multiparametric photosynthetic evaluation. Detailed photobiological analysis of this strain has revealed a smaller functional antenna, faster relaxation kinetics of non-photochemical quenching, and a high photosynthetic rate with increasing light and temperatures. Furthermore, laboratory scale growth assessment demonstrated a broad range halotolerance of 10–70 parts per thousand (PPT) and high-temperature tolerance up to 45 °C. Such traits led to the translation of biomass productivity potential from the laboratory scale (0.2–3.0 L) to the outdoor 50,000 L raceway pond scale (500-m2) without any pond crashes. The current investigation revealed outdoor single-day peak areal biomass productivity of 43 g m−2 d−1 in summer with an annual (March 2019–February 2020) average productivity of 20 g m−2 d−1 in seawater. From a sustainability perspective, this is the first report of successful round-the-year (> 347 days) multi-season (summer, monsoon, and winter) outdoor cultivation of Nannochloris sp. in broad seawater salinity (1–57 PPT), wide temperature ranges (15–40 °C), and in fluctuating light conditions. Concurrently, outdoor cultivation of this strain demonstrated conducive fatty acid distribution, including increased unsaturated fatty acids in winter. This inherent characteristic might play a role in protecting photosynthesis machinery at low temperatures and in high light stress. Altogether, our marine Nannochloris sp. showed tremendous potential for commercial scale cultivation to produce biofuels, food ingredients, and a sustainable source for vegetarian protein.
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Data availability
All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article in the form of figures and tables (and its supplementary information files). The data that support the findings of this study are available from Reliance Industries Ltd. India, but restrictions apply to the availability of these data, and so are not publicly available. Data are however available from Reliance Industries Ltd. India. upon reasonable request and with nondisclosure agreement.
Abbreviations
- ABS/RC:
-
Mo (1/VJ) (1/ ΦPo), absorption flux per reaction centre
- AFDW:
-
Ash-free dry weight
- α:
-
The maximum light utilization coefficient or quantum efficiency of photosynthesis
- Chl:
-
Chlorophyll
- CHNS:
-
Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Sulphur content
- DIo/ RC:
-
(ABS/RC)-(TRo/RC), the ratio of the total dissipation of untrapped excitation energy from all RCs with respect to the number of active RCs.
- ePBR:
-
Environmental photobioreactor
- Ek :
-
Light saturation index
- FAME:
-
Fatty acid methyl esters
- F o :
-
F50µS, fluorescence intensity at 50 µs, when all reaction centres are open
- F m :
-
Maximal fluorescence intensity (100–200 ms) measured at dark-adapted state when photosystem II reaction centres are closed
- F v :
-
(FM-Fo), Photosystem II variable fluorescence
- F t :
-
Fluorescence intensity at given time, t
- F v/F m :
-
[1- (FO/ Fm))], maximal quantum yield of photosystem II photochemistry
- Ic :
-
Light compensation point
- Mo :
-
4 (F300µS –Fo)/(Fm-Fo) represents initial slope of fluorescence kinetics
- ML:
-
Maximum likelihood
- NPQ:
-
Non photochemical quenching
- OD750 :
-
Optical density measured at 750 nm wavelength
- PCR:
-
Polymerase chain reaction
- PIabs :
-
1- (Fo/ Fm) (Mo /Vj)−1 x (Fm- Fo) Fo−1 X (1- Vj) Vj−1, Performance index (potential) for energy conservation from photons absorbed by PSII to the reduction of intersystem electron acceptors
- PI:
-
Photosynthesis Irradiance
- Pmax :
-
Maximum photosynthetic rate
- PSII:
-
Photosystem II
- PSE:
-
Photosynthetic efficiency measured in terms of ‘%’
- PPT:
-
Parts per thousand
- τ:
-
Tau, NPQ relaxation time scales
- TRo/RC:
-
The maximal energy trapping flux per RC
- θ:
-
Convexity factor (degree of photoinhibition)
- qE:
-
Coefficient for energy related quenching
- qZ:
-
Coefficient for zeaxanthin related quenching
- UPA:
-
Urea phosphoric acid
- VJ :
-
(F2Ms-Fo) / (Fm- Fo)
- Vt :
-
(FT- Fo) / (Fm- Fo)
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Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful to Reliance Industries Limited for the financial support. Authors are extremely thankfully to Dr. Tomal Dattaroy (RIL) for editing of the manuscript and Dr. Bhaskar Bhadra (RIL) for helping with strain molecular identification studies. We would like to express thanks to analytical R&D team, Gagva, RIL for performing raceway pond microalgae sample AFDW estimations.
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KP: performed the photobiology experiments, prepared figures and/or tables, analyzed data; and wrote, compiled, edited and revised drafts of the paper. MG: performed strain growth characterization and morphological experiments in PBR, prepared figures and/or tables and wrote on experimental conditions as well as strain morphology part. PC: analyzed the biochemical data, prepared figures, wrote parts of introduction, edited and revised drafts of the paper. MN: performed outdoor cultivation experiments, analyzed and wrote on the environmental and PSE data, reviewed and revised drafts of the paper. PP and SDP: performed the photobiology experiments, analyzed the data, prepared figures and/or Tables and wrote the photobiology parts of paper. YP: performed and wrote on molecular identification experiments. AC: deigned the primers and conducted the molecular characterization experiments. VN and MC: conceived and coordinated the experiments, reviewed drafts of the paper. AB: conceptualized the study and the project, conceived and designed the experiments, analyzed the data, wrote, compiled the manuscript, reviewed drafts of the paper and corrected the manuscript. AS and SD: conceived the project, revised the article, resources arranged and supported internal funding.
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Paul, K., Gaikwad, M., Choudhary, P. et al. Year-round sustainable biomass production potential of Nannochloris sp. in outdoor raceway pond enabled through strategic photobiological screening. Photosynth Res 154, 303–328 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-022-00984-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-022-00984-x