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An extended theory of planned behavior to explain the intention to use carsharing: a multi-group analysis of different sociodemographic characteristics

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Abstract

Carsharing represents an alternative to private vehicles and is becoming internationally recognized as a method of sustainable transportation. Compared with the United States and countries in Europe, carsharing services in China started later and were initially underwhelming. With the revival and popularity of the sharing economy, carsharing has been thriving in China in recent years but remains in an initial stage. Understanding the determinants of people’s intentions to carshare is critical for the promotion of carsharing services. The theoretical framework of this research is an expanded version of the theory of planned behavior containing environmental concern. A questionnaire was created to empirically test the model and a total of 1165 valid surveys were collected in four new first-tier cities in China. The intention to use carsharing was found to be directly affected by attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control rather than environmental concern. However, people’s environmental concern was verified as indirectly impacting their intentions to use carsharing through attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control. In addition, this study also tested the moderating effect of car ownership, age, gender and income by adopting a multi-group analysis. The results confirm the moderating effect of car ownership and gender on people’s intention to use carsharing, revealing the differences that exist between people with private cars and those without as well as the differences between the male and female gender. The moderating effects of age and income on people’s intention to use carsharing were found to be insignificant. These findings provide practical insights for carsharing organizations and transportation departments. The limitations of this study and suggestions for further research are also discussed.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong, China

    Leiming Li & Yu Zhang

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  1. Leiming Li
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  2. Yu Zhang
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Contributions

YZ: Conceptualization, Design, Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Writing—original draft, Writing—review and editing. LL: Conceptualization, Design, Methodology, Formal analysis, Writing—review and editing, Validation, Supervision, Project administration, funding acquisition.

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Correspondence to Yu Zhang.

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Appendix

Appendix

Appendix 1: The following description was presented at the beginning of the questionnaire to avoid interviewees confusing carsharing with ridesharing

Carsharing services provide a 24-h self-service rental service. Users must make a reservation on the corresponding mobile phone application, and then pick up and return the car at the designated location. Carsharing services do not provide drivers; the user must drive the vehicle. Examples are Evcard, Gofun and Mofan.

Ridesharing and carpooling must also be reserved on mobile applications, and vehicles can be provided by individuals or businesses. The vehicles have dedicated drivers, and platforms plan the routes according to the destination set by passengers in advance, so passengers cannot change them independently. Moreover, strangers in the vehicle who may share the ride. Examples are DiDi and CaoCao ChuXing.

The survey is for carsharing and not ridesharing, so please avoid confusing these.

Appendix 2: Demographic profile

  • (1) Do you have a driver’s license?

  • 1. Yes 2. No

  • (2) Are you familiar with carsharing services?

  • 1. Never heard of or unfamiliar with carsharing 2. Know or am highly familiar with carsharing

  • (3) What is your gender?

  • 1. Male 2. Female

  • (4) What is your age?

  • 1. 18–35 2. 36–50 3.Over 50

  • (5) What is your highest level of education (include degree you are currently working on).

  • 1. Senior/vocational high school or below 2. University/college 3. Master or PhD

  • (6) What is your occupation?

  • 1. Student 2. Worker 3. Underemployed/freelance

  • (7) What is your monthly income?

  • 1. Not more than 2500 yuan 2. 2500 to 5000 yuan 3. 5001 to 7500 yuan.

  • 4. 7501 to 10,000 yuan 5. More than 10,000 yuan.

  • (8) Do you have private cars?

  • 1. Yes 2. No

  • (9) Do you have experience with carsharing?

  • 1. Yes 2. No

Note: Participants who answer “No” to question (1) or “Never heard of or unfamiliar with carsharing” to question (2) end the survey early, meaning they will answer question (3) or subsequent questions.

Appendix 3: The following items are used as indicators of the latent constructs in the model

Attitude (ATT 7 items)

  • ATT1: I think the travel mode of carsharing is convenient.

  • ATT2: I think the travel mode of carsharing is economic.

  • ATT3: I think the travel mode of carsharing is flexible.

  • ATT4: I think the travel mode of carsharing is safe and comfortable.

  • ATT5: I think the travel mode of carsharing benefits the environment.

Subjective norm (SN 4 items)

  • SN1: My friends or family (who are important to me) support me using carsharing.

  • SN2: My friends or family (who are important to me) think I should use carsharing.

  • SN3: My friends or family (who are important to me) all use carsharing.

  • SN4: I will make the same choice as my friends and family (who are important to me) regarding whether they use carsharing or not.

Perceived behavior control (PBC 4 items)

  • PBC1: Whether or not to use carsharing is entirely up to me.

  • PBC2: The rental process of carsharing is easy and uncomplicated to accomplish.

  • PBC3: I think my adept driving skills make me fully competent to use carsharing.

  • PBC4: I can find and return the vehicles easily if I want to use carsharing.

Intention to use carsharing (INT 3 items)

  • INT1: I am willing to use carsharing for travel.

  • INT2: I plan to use carsharing for travel.

  • INT3: I’m not going to buy private cars but use carsharing for travel.

Environmental Concern (EC 3 items)

  • EC1: I consider the impact of my actions on the environment when I make decisions.

  • EC2: I am willing to bear some inconveniences for the sake of environment.

  • EC3: I think environmental problems are very important and cannot be ignored.

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Li, L., Zhang, Y. An extended theory of planned behavior to explain the intention to use carsharing: a multi-group analysis of different sociodemographic characteristics. Transportation 50, 143–181 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-021-10240-1

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