Abstract
Background and aims
Growth of Pinus pinea forests and plantations in native countries is known to be affected by soil and climate characteristics. However, edaphoclimatic drivers of growth and fruiting have been scarcely studied outside the species’ native range; in addition, the role of soil nutrients, particularly in juvenile trees’ development, has been poorly explored.
Methods
Relationships between edaphoclimatic variables and the performance of 54 young plantations were studied in Chile. Vegetative growth and fruiting were measured in 100 randomly selected trees per plantation. Composite soil samples were taken from each site to analyze soil chemical characteristics and texture. A principal component analysis was performed including climatic, soil data, and growth and fruiting variables.
Results
Annual growth was 1.3 cm year−1 for stem diameter, 28.3 cm year−1 for crown diameter, and 38.9 cm year−1 for height; cone production per crown area was 0.07 cones m−2. Negative correlation of height growth, crown growth and cone production with EC, Na, and pH were found, along with positive correlations with OM, PP and the index PP × AT. Stem diameter growth was favored by less acidic soils with high sand content, and showed no correlation with cone production. Furthermore, vegetative growth was positively correlated with N, P, Mg and clay content. In young plantations, vegetative growth was higher than in the species’ native habitat.
Conclusion
Soil properties, in particular low EC and Na were identified as favorable for growth of young stone pine trees, along with high content of soil N, P and Mg, and PP.
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Data availability
The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are not publicly available due to institutional guidelines, but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
The authors thank the plantation owners for maintaining the experimental plantations. Jorgelina Brasca edited the English style.
Funding
This work was supported by the project FONDEF [D11I1134]; Chilean Ministry of Agriculture [Development and contributions for the use of high value forest and fruit-forest species for Chile, INFOR]; and by ANID BASAL (CENAMAD) [FB210015].
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation and data collection were performed by Rodrigo del Rio. Claudia Delard was in charge of trial maintenance. Claudia Bonomelli directed soil sampling, interpreted results, and contributed to the discussion. Mónica Balzarini led the statistical analysis. Verónica Loewe-Muñoz wrote the first draft of the manuscript and all authors commented on successive versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Loewe-Muñoz, V., Bonomelli, C., del Río, R. et al. Effects of climate and soil properties on growth of Pinus pinea young plantations. Plant Soil (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-024-06682-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-024-06682-y