Abstract
Aims
It is commonly recognized that the bauxite residue can be transformed into a soil-like substrate to support plant growth by altering the physicochemical properties through additives. However, there is still a lack of understanding of the crucial role of tolerant plants in the soil development of bauxite residue. We here explored the role of plant growth in the conversion of bauxite residue to a soil-like substrate.
Methods
In this work, a pot experiment with the salinity-tolerant plant, Elymus dahuricus (Gramineae), was applied to explore the role of plant growth in further regulating the alkalinity, nutrients, enzyme, and physical structure of bauxite residue.
Results
Results showed that the addition of ferrous sulfate significantly reduced the alkalinity of bauxite residue, and organic application further improved the physical structure and nutrient content, providing a favorable matrix condition for tolerant plant colonization. The plant rhizosphere effect and leaching promoted the dissolution of alkaline minerals, resulting in an increase in exchangeable Na and bicarbonate concentrations. Colonization of Elymus dahuricus activated the enzyme activity, which promoted nutrient cycling and increased available P and N content. Further, plant growth induced an increase in the macroaggregate and decreased the silt-clay fraction. Structural equation modeling further confirmed that Elymus dahuricus with a complex root network positively promoted the formation and stability of aggregates in bauxite residue.
Conclusion
The growth of Elymus dahuricus with fibrous root showed an outstanding effect on aggregate formation, structural stability, and biological properties improvement of the bauxite residue.
Highlights
-
The addition of ferrous sulfate reduced the pH and TA of the bauxite residue.
-
Organic additives improved the nutrient content and physical structure.
-
Plant rhizosphere effect and leaching facilitate alkaline minerals dissolution.
-
Plant colonization activated the enzyme activity in bauxite residue.
-
Elymus dahuricus growth facilitates aggregate formation and structural stability.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Barrow NJ, Debnath A, Sen A (2018) Mechanisms by which citric acid increases phosphate availability. Plant Soil 423(1):193–204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-017-3490-8
Basak BB (2018) Phosphorus release by low molecular weight organic acids from low-grade indian rock phosphate. Waste Biomass Valori 10:3225–3233. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-018-0361-3
Baumert VL, Forstner SJ, Zethof JHT, Vogel C, Heitkötter J, Schulz S, Kögel-Knabner I, Mueller CW (2021) Root-induced fungal growth triggers macroaggregation in forest subsoils. Soil Biol Biochem 157:108244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2021.108244
Berta KM, Kurdi R, Lukács P, Penk M, Somogyi V (2021) Red mud with other waste materials as artificial soil substitute and its effect on Sinapis alba. J Environ Manage 287:112311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112311
Bronick CJ, Lal R (2005) Soil structure and management: a review. Geoderma 124(1):3–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2004.03.005
Bray AW, Stewart DI, Courtney R, Rout SP, Humphreys PN, Mayes WM, Burke IT (2018) Sustained bauxite residue rehabilitation with gypsum and organic matter 16 years after initial treatment. Environ Sci Technol 52:152–161. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b03568
Burke IT, Mayes WM, Peacock CL, Brown AP, Jarvis AP, Gruiz K (2012) Speciation of arsenic, chromium, and vanadium in red mud samples from the Ajka spill site, Hungary. Environ Sci Technol 46(6):3085–3092. https://doi.org/10.1021/es3003475
Bui E (2013) Possible role of soil alkalinity in plant breeding for salt-tolerance. Biol Lett 9(5):20130566. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2013.0566
Calba H, Jaillard B (1997) Effect of aluminium on ion uptake and H+ release by maize. New Phytol 137(4):607–616. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.1997.00858.x
Chu HY, Lin XG, Fujii T, Morimoto S, Yagi K, Hu JL, Zhang JB (2007) Soil microbial biomass, dehydrogenase activity, bacterial community structure in response to long-term fertilizer management. Soil Biol Biochem 39(11):2971–2976. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2007.05.031
Chung H, Zak DR, Reich PB, Ellsworth DS (2007) Plant species richness, elevated CO2, and atmospheric nitrogen deposition alter soil microbial community composition and function. Glob Change Biol 13(5):980–989. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01313.x
Courtney R, Feeney E, O’Grady A (2014a) An ecological assessment of rehabilitated bauxite residue. Ecol Eng 73:373–379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2014.09.064
Courtney R, Harris JA, Pawlett M (2014b) Microbial community composition in a rehabilitated bauxite residue disposal area: a case study for improving microbial community composition. Restor Ecol 22:798–805. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12143
Courtney R, Harrington TM (2012) Growth and nutrition of Holcus lanatus in bauxite residue amended with combinations of spent mushroom compost and gypsum. Land Degrad Dev 23(2):144–149. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.1062
Cusack PB, Healy MG, Ryan PC, Burke IT, O’ Donoghue LMT, Ujaczki É, Courtney R (2018) Enhancement of bauxite residue as a low-cost adsorbent for phosphorus in aqueous solution, using seawater and gypsum treatments. J Clean Prod 179:217–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.01.092
Dakora FD, Phillips DA (2002) Root exudates as mediators of mineral acquisition in low-nutrient environments. Plant Soil 245(1):35–47. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020809400075
Dashtebani F, Hajiboland R, Aliasgharzad N (2014) Characterization of salt-tolerance mechanisms in mycorrhizal (Claroideoglomus etunicatum) halophytic grass, Puccinellia distans. Acta Physiol Plant 36(7):1713–1726. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-014-1546-4
Di Carlo E, Boullemant A, Courtney R (2019) A field assessment of bauxite residue rehabilitation strategies. Sci Total Environ 663:915–926. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.376
George TS, Gregory PJ, Wood M, Read D, Buresh RJ (2002) Phosphatase activity and organic acids in the rhizosphere of potential agroforestry species and maize. Soil Biol Biochem 34(10):1487–1494. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-0717(02)00093-7
Giasson M-A, Averill C, Finzi AC (2014) Correction factors for dissolved organic carbon extracted from soil, measured using the mn(III)-pyrophosphate colorimetric method adapted for a microplate reader. Soil Biol Biochem 78:284–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2014.08.011
Giels M, Hertel T, Gijbels K, Schroeyers W, Pontikes Y (2022) High performance mortars from vitrified bauxite residue; the quest for the optimal chemistry and processing conditions. Cem Concr Res 155:106739. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2022.106739
Goronovski A, Tkaczyk AH (2019) Radiological assessment of the bauxite residue valorization chain. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 321:955–963. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-019-06676-6
Gould IJ, Quinton JN, Weigelt A, De Deyn GB, Bardgett RD (2016) Plant diversity and root traits benefit physical properties key to soil function in grasslands. Ecol Lett 19(9):1140–1149. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12652
Gräfe M, Klauber C (2011) Bauxite residue issues: IV. Old obstacles and new pathways for in situ residue bioremediation. Hydrometallurgy 108(1–2):46–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2011.02.005
Guhra T, Stolze K, Totsche KU (2022) Pathways of biogenically excreted organic matter into soil aggregates. Soil Biol Biochem 164:108483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2021.108483
Guiza M, Benabdelrahim MA, Brini F, Haddad M, Saibi W (2021) Assessment of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) cultivars for salt tolerance based on yield, growth, physiological, and biochemical traits. J Plant Growth Regul 41:3117–3126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-021-10499-9
Guo Y, Ye YZ, Zhu F, Xue R, Zhang XC, Zhu MX, Hartley W, Guo L, Xue SG (2022) Improvements on physical conditions of bauxite residue following application of organic materials. J Environ Sci (China) 116:198–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2021.08.053
Gyssels G, Poesen J, Bochet E, Li Y (2005) Impact of plant roots on the resistance of soils to erosion by water: a review. Prog Phys Geogr 29(2):189–217. https://doi.org/10.1191/0309133305pp443ra
Han Y-S, Ji S, Lee P-K, Oh C (2017) Bauxite residue neutralization with simultaneous mineral carbonation using atmospheric CO2. J Hazard Mater 326:87–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.12.020
Heanes DL (1984) Determination of total organic-C in soils by an improved chromic acid digestion and spectrophotometric procedure. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 15(10):1191–1213. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103628409367551
Hinsinger P, Plassard C, Tang C, Jaillard B (2003) Origins of root-mediated pH changes in the rhizosphere and their responses to environmental constraints: a review. Plant Soil 248(1):43–59. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022371130939
Hua YM, Heal KV, Friesl-Hanl W (2016) The use of red mud as an immobiliser for metal/metalloid-contaminated soil: a review. J Hazard Mater 325:17–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.11.073
Ke WS, Zhang XC, Zhu F, Wu H, Zhang YF, Shi Y, Hartley W, Xue SG (2021) Appropriate human intervention stimulates the development of microbial communities and soil formation at a long-term weathered bauxite residue disposal area. J Hazard Mater 405:124689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124689
Kobierski M, Kondratowicz-Maciejewska K, Banach-Szott M, Wojewódzki P, Peñas Castejón JM (2018) Humic substances and aggregate stability in rhizospheric and non-rhizospheric soil. J Soils Sediments 18(8):2777–2789. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-018-1935-1
Kong XF, Guo Y, Xue SG, Hartley W, Wu C, Ye YZ, Cheng QY (2017a) Natural evolution of alkaline characteristics in bauxite residue. J Clean Prod 143:224–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.12.125
Kong XF, Li M, Xue SG, Hartley W, Chen CR, Wu C, Li XF, Li YW (2017b) Acid transformation of bauxite residue: Conversion of its alkaline characteristics. J Hazard Mater 324:382–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.10.073
Liang Z, Peng XJ, Luan ZK, Li WJ, Zhao Y (2011) Reduction of phosphorus release from high phosphorus soil by red mud. Environ Earth Sci 65(3):581–588. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-011-1105-x
Li Y, Haynes RJ, Chandrawana I, Zhou YF (2018) Properties of seawater neutralized bauxite residues and changes in chemical, physical and microbial properties induced by additions of gypsum and organic matter. J Environ Manage 223:489–494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.06.070
Li YY, Haynes RJ, Chandrawana I, Zhou YF (2019) Growth of Rhodes grass and leaching of ions from seawater neutralized bauxite residues after amendment with gypsum and organic wastes. J Environ Manage 231:596–604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.10.083
Liu GM, Zhang XC, Wang XP, Shao HB, Yang JS, Wang XP (2017) Soil enzymes as indicators of saline soil fertility under various soil amendments. Agric Ecosyst Environ 237:274–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2017.01.004
Liu L, Wang B (2021) Protection of halophytes and their uses for cultivation of saline-alkali soil in China. Biology 10(5):353. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10050353
Lyu F, Hu YH, Wang L, Sun W (2020) Dealkalization processes of bauxite residue: a comprehensive review. J Hazard Mater 403:123671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123671
Macias-Perez LA, Levard C, Barakat M, Angeletti B, Borschneck D, Poizat L, Achouak W, Auffan M (2022) Contrasted microbial community colonization of a bauxite residue deposit marked by a complex geochemical context. J Hazard Mater 424:127470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127470
McGeorge WT (1954) Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkaline soils. Soil Sci Soc Am J 18(3):348–348. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1954.03615995001800030032x
Menzies NW, Kopittke PM (2021) Seawater neutralization and gypsum amelioration of bauxite refining residue to produce a plant growth medium. Sci Total Environ 763:143046. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143046
Najafi-Ghiri M, Boostani HR, Hardie AG (2021) Release of potassium from some heated calcareous soils to different solutions. Arch Agron Soil Sci 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2021.1958321
Neumann G, Massonneau A, Langlade N, Dinkelaker B, Hengeler C, Römheld V, Martinoia E (2000) Physiological aspects of cluster root function and development in phosphorus-deficient white lupin (Lupinus albus L.). Ann Bot 85(6):909–919. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbo.2000.1135
Patti AF, Verheyen TV, Douglas L, Wang X (1992) Nitrohumic acids from victorian brown coal. Sci Total Environ 113:49–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(92)90016-L
Peng X, Xu DH, Yang XS, Zhang ZY, Ren GK, Yang L, Zhong YJ, Wang XL (2018) A new green synthesis method of magnesium ferrite from ferrous sulfate waste. J Alloys Compd 756:117–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.05.006
Pérès G, Cluzeau D, Menasseri S, Soussana JF, Bessler H, Engels C, Habekost M, Gleixner G, Weigelt A, Weisser WW, Scheu S, Eisenhauer N (2013) Mechanisms linking plant community properties to soil aggregate stability in an experimental grassland plant diversity gradient. Plant Soil 373(1):285–299. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-013-1791-0
Phillips IR, Courtney R (2022) Long term field trials demonstrate sustainable nutrient supply and uptake in rehabilitated bauxite residue. Sci Total Environ 804:150134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150134
Power G, Gräfe M, Klauber C (2011) Bauxite residue issues: I. current management, disposal and storage practices. Hydrometallurgy 108(1):33–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2011.02.006
Qiu LP, Wei XR, Gao JL, Zhang XC (2015) Dynamics of soil aggregate-associated organic carbon along an afforestation chronosequence. Plant Soil 391(1):237–251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-015-2415-7
Rawat P, Das S, Shankhdhar D, Shankhdhar SC (2021) Phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms: mechanism and their role in phosphate solubilization and uptake. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 21(1):49–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-020-00342-7
Ren J, Chen J, Han L, Wang M, Yang B, Du P, Li FS (2018) Spatial distribution of heavy metals, salinity and alkalinity in soils around bauxite residue disposal area. Sci Total Environ 628–629:1200–1208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.149
Ren J, Ren XQ, Chen J, Guo W, Yang B, Du P (2021) Humic-mineral interactions modulated by pH conditions in bauxite residues - implications in stable aggregate formation. Geoderma 385:114856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114856
Ren J, Yang B, Chen J, Luo HL, Liang T, Du P, Li FS (2022a) Alkalinity neutralization of bauxite residue by nitrohumic acid: mineral transformation and subsequent formation of organo-mineral complexes. Appl Geochem 136:105153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2021.105153
Ren XQ, Zhang X, Tuo PP, Yang B, Chen J, Guo W, Ren J (2022b) Neutralization of bauxite residue with high calcium content in abating pH rebound by using ferrous sulfate. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29(9):13167–13176. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16622-3
Rengasamy P, Tavakkoli E, McDonald GK (2016) Exchangeable cations and clay dispersion: net dispersive charge, a new concept for dispersive soil. Eur J Soil Sci 67(5):659–665. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.12369
Rowley MC, Grand S, Verrecchia ÉP (2018) Calcium-mediated stabilisation of soil organic carbon. Biogeochemistry 137(1):27–49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-017-0410-1
Santini TC, Fey MV (2013) Spontaneous vegetation encroachment upon bauxite residue (red mud) as an indicator and facilitator of in situ remediation processes. Environ Sci Technol 47(21):12089–12096. https://doi.org/10.1021/es402924g
Shepherd JG, Joseph S, Sohi SP, Heal KV (2017) Biochar and enhanced phosphate capture: mapping mechanisms to functional properties. Chemosphere 179:57–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.02.123
Sher Y, Baker NR, Herman D, Fossum C, Hale L, Zhang X, Nuccio E, Saha M, Zhou J, Pett-Ridge J, Firestone M (2020) Microbial extracellular polysaccharide production and aggregate stability controlled by switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) root biomass and soil water potential. Soil Biol Biochem 143:107742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2020.107742
Sun DS, Li KJ, Bi QF, Zhu J, Zhang QC, Jin CW, Lu LL, Lin XY (2017) Effects of organic amendment on soil aggregation and microbial community composition during drying-rewetting alternation. Sci Total Environ 574:735–743. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.112
Tabatabai MA (1994) Soil enzymes. In: Weaver RW, Angle JS, Bottomly PS, Bezdicek D, Smith S, Tabatabai A, Wollum A (eds) Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. Microbiological and biochemical properties, No. 5. SSSA, Madison, pp 775–833
Tamene L, Sileshi GW, Ndengu G, Mponela P, Kihara J, Sila A, Tondoh J (2019) Soil structural degradation and nutrient limitations across land use categories and climatic zones in Southern Africa. Land Degrad Dev 30(11):1288–1299. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3302
Tang SM, Zhang X, Ren XQ, Du P, Ren J (2023) Quantifying the relative contribution of driving factors to the transformation of bauxite residue into a plant growth substrate. Soil Tillage Res 225:105551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2022.105551
Totsche KU, Amelung W, Gerzabek MH, Guggenberger G, Klumpp E, Knief C, Lehndorff E, Mikutta R, Peth S, Prechtel A, Ray N, Kögel-Knabner I (2018) Microaggregates in soils. J Plant Nutr Soil Sci 181(1):104–136. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.201600451
Wong JW, Ho GE (1994) Effectiveness of acidic industrial wastes reclaiming fine bauxite refining residue (red mud). Soil Sci 158:115–123. https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-199408000-00005
Xue SG, Huang N, Fan JR, Liu Z, Ye YZ, He Y, Hartley W, Zhu F (2021) Evaluation of aggregate formation, stability and pore characteristics of bauxite residue following polymer materials addition. Sci Total Environ 765:142750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142750
Xue SG, Ke WS, Zhu F, Ye YZ, Liu Z, Fan JR, Hartley W (2020) Effect of phosphogypsum and poultry manure on aggregate-associated alkaline characteristics in bauxite residue. J Environ Manage 256:109981. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109981
Xue SG, Liu Z, Fan JR, Xue R, Guo Y, Chen W, Hartley W, Zhu F (2022) Insights into variations on dissolved organic matter of bauxite residue during soil-formation processes following 2-year column simulation. Environ Pollut 292:118326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118326
Yang X, Wang D, Lan Y, Meng J, Jiang LL, Sun Q, Cao DY, Sun YY, Chen WF (2018) Labile organic carbon fractions and carbon pool management index in a 3-year field study with biochar amendment. J Soils Sediments 18(4):1569–1578. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-017-1874-2
Zhang HX, Tian Y, Guan B, Zhou DW, Sun ZW, Baskin CC (2018) The best salt solution parameter to describe seed/seedling responses to saline and sodic salts. Plant Soil 426(1–2):313–325. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-018-3623-8
Zhang JZ, Yao ZY, Wang K, Wang F, Jiang HG, Liang M, Wei JC, Airey G (2021) Sustainable utilization of bauxite residue (red mud) as a road material in pavements: a critical review. Constr Build Mater 270:121419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121419
Zhang PP, Fu JM, Hu LX (2012) Effects of alkali stress on growth, free amino acids and carbohydrates metabolism in Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis). Ecotoxicology 21(7):1911–1918. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-012-0924-1
Zhang XR, Zhang WQ, Sai X, Chun F, Li XJ, Lu XX, Wang H (2022) Grazing altered soil aggregates, nutrients and enzyme activities in a Stipa kirschnii steppe of Inner Mongolia. Soil Tillage Res 219:105327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2022.105327
Zhao SX, Ta N, Li ZH, Yang Y, Zhang X, Liu D, Zhang AF, Wang XD (2018) Varying pyrolysis temperature impacts application effects of biochar on soil labile organic carbon and humic fractions. Appl Soil Ecol 123:484–493
Zhu F, Hou JT, Xue SG, Wu C, Wang QL, Hartley W (2017) Vermicompost and gypsum amendments improve aggregate formation in bauxite residue. Land Degrad Dev 28(7):2109–2120. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2737
Zhu F, Li XF, Xue SG, Hartley W, Wu C, Han FS (2016a) Natural plant colonization improves the physical condition of bauxite residue over time. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23:22897–22905. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7508-1
Zhu F, Xue SG, Hartley W, Huang L, Wu C, Li XF (2016b) Novel predictors of soil genesis following natural weathering processes of bauxite residues. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23(3):2856–2863. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5537-9
Zhu F, Li YB, Xue SG, Hartley W, Wu H (2016c) Effects of iron-aluminium oxides and organic carbon on aggregate stability of bauxite residues. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23:9073–9081. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6172-9
Acknowledgements
This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41907360).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Xi Zhang: Methodology, Investigation, Validation, Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing - original draft. Jie Ren: Conceptualization, Methodology, Supervision, Resources, Writing - review & editing, Project administration. Chongkai Hao: Investigation. Renyou Li: Investigation. PinPeng Tuo: Investigation. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Longbin Huang.
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Zhang, X., Ren, J., Hao, C. et al. Tolerant plant growth improves the conversion of bauxite residue to soil-like substrates by altering aggregate stability. Plant Soil 486, 273–292 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-022-05867-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-022-05867-7