Abstract
A new method for obtaining ultrafine particles of cobalt ferrites is proposed. This synthesis is a two-step process: the first step is the synthesis of ultrafine particles from aqueous solutions of nitrates under the action of non-equilibrium low-temperature plasma. The second stage is high-temperature treatment of the resulting powders. The action of plasma on solutions of iron and cobalt nitrates leads to the formation of a colloidal suspension at the plasma-solution interface in the liquid anode. The kinetics of co-precipitation from solutions under the action of plasma has been studied. It is shown that the process of formation is complex, includes several stages. The rate of formation of particles directly depends on the concentration of iron nitrate in the initial mixture. An increase in the discharge current leads to an increase in the rate of particle formation. The obtained substances were studied immediately after the plasma-solution interaction, after centrifugation, and after high-temperature treatment. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the resulting ultrafine particles are a mixture of hydroxonitrites and hydroxides of cobalt and iron. The data of thermogravimetric analysis confirm the data of X-ray diffraction analysis. The surface morphology was studied using a scanning electron microscope; the resulting powders have a well-developed surface. The resulting particles are characterized by two sizes, 92 nm and 1.46 μm. The magnetic characteristics of the particles were studied using a vibrating magnetometer at room temperature with a maximum applied field of up to 30 kOe. The coercive force of the obtained particles was 210 Oe. The saturation magnetization (MS) obtained at room temperature was found to be 65 emu/g and remanent magnetization (Mr) was 22 emu/g.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
References
Chen Q, Li J, Li Y (2015) A review of plasma–liquid interactions for nanomaterial synthesis. J Phys D: Appl Phys 48(42):424005
Saito G, Akiyama T (2016) Nanomaterial synthesis using plasma generation in liquid. J Nanomater 16(1):299–299
Kashid P, Suresh HK, Mathad SN et al (2022) A review on synthesis, properties and applications on cobalt ferrite. Int J Adv Sci Eng 9(1):2567–2583. https://doi.org/10.29294/IJASE.9.1.2022.2567-2583
Kazemi M, Ghobadi M, Mirzaie A (2018) Cobalt ferrite nanoparticles (CoFe2O4 MNPs) as catalyst and support: magnetically recoverable nanocatalysts in organic synthesis. Nanotechnol Rev 7(1):43–68. https://doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2017-0138
Vinosha PA, Manikandan A, Ceicilia ASJ, Dinesh A, Nirmala GF, Preetha AC, Slimani Y, Almessiere MA, Baykal A, Xavier B (2021) Review on recent advances of zinc substituted cobalt ferrite nanoparticles: synthesis characterization and diverse applications. Ceram Int 47(8):10512–10535
Vinosha PA, Manikandan A, Preetha AC, Dinesh A, Slimani Y, Almessiere MA, Nirmala GF (2021) Review on recent advances of synthesis, magnetic properties, and water treatment applications of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles and nanocomposites. J Supercond Nov Magn 34:995–1018
Kamilla SK, Kumar A (2021) Cobalt ferrite: a review. Mater Today Proc. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.03.687
Amiri M, Salavati-Niasari M, Akbari A (2019) Magnetic nanocarriers: evolution of spinel ferrites for medical applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 265:29–44
Jeevanantham B, Song Y, Choe H, Shobana MK (2021) Structural and optical characteristics of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles. Mater Lett X 12:100105
Kirankumar VS, Sumathi S (2020) A review on photodegradation of organic pollutants using spinel oxide. Mater Today Chem 18:100355
Taffa DH, Dillert R, Ulpe AC, Bauerfeind KCL, Bredow T, Bahnemann DW, Wark M (2016) Photoelectrochemical and theoretical investigations of spinel type ferrites (MxFe3−xO4) for water splitting: a mini-review. J Photon Energy 7(1):012009
Gao H, Liu S, Li Y, Conte E, Cao Y (2017) A critical review of spinel structured iron cobalt oxides based materials for electrochemical energy storage and conversion. Energies 10(11):1787
Shi Y, Ding J, Yin H (2000) CoFe2O4 nanoparticles prepared by the mechanochemical method. J Alloys Compd 308(1–2):290–295
Allaedini G, Tasirin SM, Aminayi P (2015) Magnetic properties of cobalt ferrite synthesized by hydrothermal method. Int Nano Lett 5(4):183–186
Sajjia M, Oubaha M, Hasanuzzaman M, Olabi AG (2013) Developments of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles prepared by the sol–gel process. Ceram Int 40(1):1147–1154
Gul IH, Maqsood A, Naeem M, Ashiq MN (2010) Optical, magnetic and electrical investigation of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles synthesized by co-precipitation route. J Alloys Compd 507(1):201–206
Pillai V, Shah DO (1996) Synthesis of high-coercivity cobalt ferrite particles using water-in-oil microemulsions. J Magn Magn Mater 163(1–2):243–248
Miao Y, Zhu H, Gao P, Li L (2020) The effects of spraying power on microstructure, magnetic and dielectric properties of plasma sprayed cobalt ferrite coatings. J Mater Res Technol 9(6):14237–14243
Ataie A, Mostaghimi J, Pershin L, Xu P (2017) Fabrication of nanostructured cobalt ferrite coatings using suspension plasma spraying (SPS) technique. Surf Coat Technol 328:451–461
Liang S, Ravi BG, Sampath S, Gambino RJ (2007) Atmospheric plasma sprayed cobalt ferrite coatings for magnetostrictive sensor applications. IEEE Trans Magn 43(6):2391–2393
Frolova LA, Pivovarov AA, Baskevich AS, Kushnerev AI (2014) Structure and properties of nickel ferrites produced by glow discharge in the Fe2+–Ni2+–SO4 2−–OH− system. Russ J Appl Chem 87(8):1054–1059
Altomare A, Corriero N, Cuocci C, Falcicchio A, Moliterni A, Rizzi R (2015) QUALX2.0: a qualitative phase analysis software using the freely available database POW_COD. J Appl Cryst 48:598–603
Grazulis S, Daskevic A, Merkys A, Chateigner D, Lutterotti L, Quiros M, Serebryanaya NR, Moeck P, Downs RT, LeBail A (2012) Crystallography open database (COD): an open-access collection of crystal structures and platform for world-wide collaboration. Nucleic Acids Res 40:D420–D427
Smirnova KV, Shutov DA, Ivanov AN, Rybkin VV (2022) Plasma-solution synthesis of a solid phase from solutions of iron and cobalt nitrates of various concentrations. In: Proceedings of 8th international congress on energy fluxes and radiation effects. https://doi.org/10.56761/EFRE2022.N1-O-046701
Shutov DA, Smirnova KV, Ivanov AI, Rybkin VV (2023) The chemical composition of species formed in a water anode under the action of a direct current electric discharge: comparison with liquid cathode—experiment and simulation. Plasma Chem Plasma Process 43(3):577–597
Fabrykiewicz P, Stekiel M, Sosnowska I, Przenioslo R (2017) Deformations of the α-Fe2O3 rhombohedral lattice across the néel temperature. Acta Cryst B73:27–32
Ferreira TAS, Waerenborgh JC, Mendonca MHRM, Costa FM, Nunes MR (2003) Structural and morphological characterization of FeCo2O4 and CoFe2O4 spinels prepared by a coprecipitation method. Solid State Sci 5(2):383–392
Wohlfarth EP, Busechow KHJ (1988) A handbook on the properties of magnetically ordered substances. V.4. (North-Holland Publishing Company)
Funding
This work was supported by Russian Science Foundation No 22-22-00372 (rscf.ru/project/22-22-00372/). The investigation of magnetic properties was supported by the grant of the Russian Federation President (МК-2607.2022.1.2).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
The authors confirm contribution to the paper as follows: study conception and design: V.R., D.S., K.V.; data collection: K.V., P.I., A.N., A.M.; analysis and interpretation of results: D.S., V.R., K.V.; draft manuscript preparation: V.R., D.S. All authors reviewed the results and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors have declared no conflict of interest for this article.
Ethical Approval
Not applicable.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Smirnova, K.V., Shutov, D.A., Ivanov, A.N. et al. Cobalt Ferrites: Formation From Nitrate Solutions Under the Action of DC Discharge. Plasma Chem Plasma Process 44, 257–268 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11090-023-10391-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11090-023-10391-2