Abstract
The proposed work presents design and simulation of a new reconfigurable optical logic AND, NOT and NOR gate constructed in a two dimensional (2D) photonic crystals (PhCs). Due to many advantages like high speed, fast response, high bit rate and compact size these optical gates find applications in optical devices, communications and optical sensors for next generation optical systems. The proposed gate structures can be used in realization of all optical devices used in photonic integrated optical circuits. These optical logic gates are constructed in 6 µm * 6 µm in 2D PhCs square lattice structure with a lattice constant a = 0.648 µm. All the gates are realized by creating structural disorders in the cross-waveguide geometries of 2D PhCs. The plane wave expansion (PWE) is utilised to get the complete band gap and required band of the waveguide. Finite difference time domain (FDTD) technique is utilised to investigate the performance of these gates. The several performance parameters are examined using this structure and observed that proposed structure has reduced size, fast response time, better contrast ratio against the existing designs and high bit rates of 1.88 Tbit/s and 1.55 Tbit/s for NOT and NOR gates respectively. The amplitude of the optical signal larger than 0.5 arbitrary units (a.u.) and less than 0.1 (a.u.) at output are considered as logic ‘1’ and ‘0’ respectively. The gates are implemented in third optical window at the wavelength of 1.55 µm. RSoft FullWAVE simulator is used to perform simulation.
Similar content being viewed by others
Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.
References
Abdulnabi, S.H., Abbas, M.N.: All-optical logic gates based on nanoring insulator–metal–insulator plasmonic waveguides at optical communications band. J. Nanophoton. 13(1), 016009 (2019a)
Abdulnabi, S.H., Abbas, M.N.: Design an all-optical combinational logic circuits based on nano-ring insulator-metal-insulator plasmonic waveguides. Photonics. 6(1), 30 (2019b)
Abdulnabi, S.H., Abbas, M.N.: Design and simulation of an all-optical 2 × 1 plasmonic multiplexer. J. Nanophoton. 16(1), 016009 (2022)
Achary, S.N.: Novel all optic logic gates using 2D photonic crystal structure. J. Mater. Sci. Eng. 4, 178 (2015)
Anagha, E.G., Rajesh, A., Saranya, D.: Design of an all optical encoder using 2D photonic crystals. In: 2018 2nd International Conference on Inventive Systems and Control (ICISC), pp. 55–59. IEEE (2018)
Anguluri, S.P.K., Banda, S., Krishna, V., Swarnakar, S., Kumar, S.: The design, analysis, and simulation of an optimized all-optical AND gate using a Y-shaped plasmonic waveguide for high-speed computing devices. J. Comput. Electron. 20, 1892–1899 (2021)
Ansari, J.N., Gowre, S.C., Sonth, M.V., Gadgay, B., Roy, A.S.: Photonic nano dielectric crystal cavity with infiltrated biosamples for refractive index sensing application. Integr. Ferroelectr. 213(1), 93–102 (2021)
Charles, I., Alluru, S., Krishna, V., Swarnakar, S., Sharma, P., Kumar, S.: Enhanced all-optical Y-shaped plasmonic OR, NOR and NAND gate models, analyses, and simulation for high speed computations. Opt. Quantum Electron. 54, 330 (2022)
Choudhary, K., Kumar, S.: Optimized plasmonic reversible logic gate for low loss communication. Appl. Opt. 60, 4567–4572 (2021)
Danaie, M., Kaatuzian, H.: Design and simulation of an all-optical photonic crystal AND gate using nonlinear Kerr effect. Opt. Quantum Electron. 44(1), 27–34 (2012)
D’souza, N.M., Mathew, V.: Interference based square lattice photonic crystal logic gates working with different wavelengths. Opt. Laser Technol. 80, 214–219 (2016)
Geerthana, S., Syedakbar, S., Sridarshini, T., Balaji, V.R., Sitharthan, R., Shanmuga Sundar, D.: 2D-PhC based all optical AND, OR and EX-OR logic gates logic gates with high contrast ratio operating at C band. Laser Phys. 32, 106201 (2022)
Ghadi, A.: Phase sensitive, all-optical and self-integrated multi-logic AND, OR, XOR, and NOT gates. Phys. Lett. A 384(22), 126432 (2020)
Ghadi, A., Darzi, B.: All-optical nano logical gates AND, NOR, OR, and NOT based on plasmonic waveguides with Kerr nonlinear cavity. Opt. Laser Technol. 157, 108651 (2023)
Ghadrdan, M., Mansouri-Birjandi, M.A.: All-optical NOT logic gate based on photonic crystals. Int. J. Electr. Comput. Eng. 3(4), 478 (2013)
Haq Shaik, E., Rangaswamy, N.: Improved design of all-optical photonic crystal logic gates using T-shaped waveguide. Opt. Quantum Electron. 48(1), 33 (2016)
Haq Shaik, E., Rangaswamy, N.: Realization of all-optical NAND and NOR logic functions with photonic crystal based NOT, OR and AND gates using De Morgan’s theorem. J. Opt. 47(1), 8–21 (2018)
Heydarian, K., Nosratpour, A., Razaghi, M.: Design and analysis of an all-optical NAND logic gate using a photonic crystal semiconductor optical amplifier based on the Mach-Zehnder interferometer structure. Photonics Nanostruct. Fundam. Appl. 49, 100992 (2022)
Hussein, H.M., Ali, T.A., Rafat, N.H.: New designs of a complete set of photonic crystals logic gates. Opt. Commun. 411, 175–181 (2018)
Kumar, A., Kumar, S., Raghuwanshi, S.K.: Implementation of XOR/XNOR and AND logic gates by using Mach-Zehnder interferometers. Optik 125(19), 5764–5767 (2014)
Kumar, M., Kumar, A., Jindal, S.K., Raghuwanshi, S.K.: Comprehensive study of all-in-one simultaneous multiple optical logic gate devices using Mach–Zehnder interferometer based on the electro-optic effect. IETE Tech. Rev. 39(3), 662–674 (2022)
Lin, C.E., Lu, Y.H., Zhou, M.T., et al.: Reconfigurable electro-optical logic gates using a 2-layer multilayer perceptron. Sci. Rep. 12, 14203 (2022)
Mahesh, V., Gowre, S.C., Soma, S., Gogga, S. P. (2018) Photonic crystal waveguide and cavities for all-optical logic devices. In: 2018 Second International Conference on Inventive Communication and Computational Technologies (ICICCT), pp. 1851–1854. IEEE
Mohebbi, Z., Nozhat, N., Khodadadi, M.: All-optical simultaneous AND & XOR logic gates based on nonlinear micro-ring resonator. J. Mod. Opt. 65(21), 2326–2331 (2018)
Mohebzadeh-Bahabady, A., Olyaee, S.: Ultra-fast and compact all-optical encoder based on photonic crystal nano-resonator without using nonlinear materials. Photon. Lett. Pol. 11(1), 10–12 (2019)
Mondal, H., Goswami, K., Sen, M., et al.: Design and analysis of all-optical logic NOR gate based on linear optics. Opt. Quantum Electron. 54, 272 (2022)
Olyaee, S., Seifouri, M., Mohebzadeh-Bahabady, A., Sardari, M.: Realization of all-optical NOT and XOR logic gates based on interference effect with high contrast ratio and ultra-compacted size. Opt. Quantum Electron. 50(11), 1–12 (2018)
Pirzadi, M., Mir, A., Bodaghi, D.: Realization of ultra-accurate and compact all-optical photonic crystal OR logic gate. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 28(21), 2387–2390 (2016)
Rani, P., Kalra, Y., Sinha, R.K.: Design of all optical logic gates in photonic crystal waveguides. Optik 126(9–10), 950–955 (2015)
Rani, P., Kalra, Y., Sinha, R.K.: Design and analysis of polarization independent all-optical logic gates in silicon-on-insulator photonic crystal. Opt. Commun. 374, 148–155 (2016)
Rezaei, M.H., Boroumandi, R., Zarifkar, A., Farmani, A.: Nano-scale multifunctional logic gate based on graphene/hexagonal boron nitride plasmonic waveguides. IET Optoelectron. 14, 37–43 (2020)
Saidani, N., Belhadj, W., AbdelMalek, F.: Novel all-optical logic gates based photonic crystal waveguide using self imaging phenomena. Opt. Quantum Electron. 47(7), 1829–1846 (2015)
Sankar Rao, D.G., Swarnakar, S., Kumar, S.: Performance analysis of all-optical NAND, NOR, and XNOR logic gates using photonic crystal waveguide for optical computing applications. Opt. Eng. 59(5), 057101 (2020)
Shaik, E.H., Rangaswamy, N.: Single photonic crystal structure for realization of NAND and NOR logic functions by cascading basic gates. J. Comput. Electron. 17(1), 337–348 (2018)
Singh, P., Dixit, H.K., Tripathi, D.K., Mehra, R.: Design and analysis of all-optical inverter using SOA-based Mach-Zehnder interferometer. Optik 124(14), 1926–1929 (2013)
Soma, S., Sonth, M.V., Gowre, S.C.: Tunable optical add/drop filter for CWDM systems using photonic crystal ring resonator. J. Electron. Mater. 48(11), 7460–7464 (2019)
Sonth, M.V., Soma, S., Gowre, S.C., Biradar, N.: Modeling and optimization of optical half adder in two dimensional photonic crystals. J. Electron. Mater. 47(7), 4136–4139 (2018)
Sonth, M.V., Soma, S., Gowre, S.C.: Investigation of light behavior of all optical full adders in two-dimensional photonic crystals. Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett. 63(4), 1304–1308 (2021a)
Sonth, M.V., Srikanth, G., Agrawal, P., Premalatha, B.: Basic logic gates in two dimensional photonic crystals for all optical device design. Int. J. Electr. Telecommun. 67(2), 247–253 (2021b)
Sonth, M.V., Gowre, S., Biradar, N., Gadgay, B.: Design and simulation of AND-OR-INVERT logic for photonic integrated circuits. In: Information, Photonics and Communication, pp. 55–63. Springer, Singapore (2020)
Tang, C., Dou, X., Lin, Y., Yin, H., Wu, B., Zhao, Q.: Design of all-optical logic gates avoiding external phase shifters in a two-dimensional photonic crystal based on multi-mode interference for BPSK signals. Opt. Commun. 316, 49–55 (2014)
Taylor, R.J.E., Ivanov, P., Li, G., Childs, D.T.D., Hogg, R.A.: Optimisation of photonic crystal coupling through waveguide design. Opt. Quantum Electron. 49(2), 47 (2017)
Acknowledgements
The entire simulation and analysis work carried out in Photonics Laboratory of BKIT Bhalki headed by Dr. Sanjaykumar Gowre established under the project sanctioned VGST Bangalore with a Grant No. VGST/K-FIST (L1) (2014-15)/(2015-16)/373.
Funding
Not applicable.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors contributed to the study, conception and design, material preparation, data collection and analysis were done by SS, SCG, MVS, BG & JB. The manuscript was prepared by SS initially and all authors read, reviewed and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
We have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. On behalf of all authors I declare that we have no conflict of interest.
Ethical approval
Not applicable.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Soma, S., Gowre, S.K.C., Sonth, M.V. et al. Design and simulation of reconfigurable optical logic gates for integrated optical circuits. Opt Quant Electron 55, 340 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-022-04532-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-022-04532-8