Abstract
In this research, the spin coating as a low-cost non-vacuum preparation technique was used to deposit high-quality thin films of Methyl Violet-10B (MV-10B) with different thicknesses on flexible polymeric substrates. X-ray diffraction technique was applied to distinguish the crystal structure of MV-10B films with different thicknesses. The X-ray diffraction patterns revealed the amorphous nature of all MV-10B films on the polymeric substrates. The optical band gap (direct and indirect) was measured using Tauc's relationship with the various thicknesses of MV-10B films. The linear optical parameters such as refractive index, dielectric constant, and loss were investigated with the difference in thickness of these films. The dispersion parameters of the studied films were estimated according to the single oscillator model provided by Wemple and Di-Domenico. As regards the film thickness, the spectral distribution of linear and nonlinear susceptibilities of MV-10B films was studied. The optical limiting behavior of MV-10B films on the polymeric substrates also has been examined to know how to control the laser beam power as a function of the film thickness. Methyl violet 10B thin films/polymeric substrate for flexible organic technology and Laser power attenuation, and flexible CUT-OFF laser filters in optoelectronic devices.
Graphic abstract
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abdel-Galil, A., Balboul, M.R.: Synthesis and optical characterization of n-ZnO and p-Cu2ZnSnS4 nanocrystalline thin films for low cost solar cells. Opt. Mater. 62, 680–688 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2016.10.052
Abdel-GalilFarrag, A., Balboul, M.R.: Nano ZnO thin films synthesis by sol–gel spin coating method as a transparent layer for solar cell applications. J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol. 82(1), 269–279 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-016-4277-8
Abutalib, M.M., Yahia, I.S.: Analysis of the linear/nonlinear optical properties of basic fuchsin dye/FTO films: Controlling the laser power of red/green lasers. Optik 179, 145–153 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2018.10.081
Ahmed, R.M., Saif, M.: Optical properties of rhodamine B dye doped in transparent polymers for sensor application. Chin. J. Phys. 51, 511–521 (2013)
Ali, F.I.M., Awwad, F., Greish, Y.E., Abu-Hani, A.F.S., Mahmoud, S.T.: Fabrication of low temperature and fast response H2S gas sensor based on organic-metal oxide hybrid nanocomposite membrane. Org. Electron. 76, 105486 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgel.2019.105486
Alyami, A., Barton, K., Lewis, L., Mirabile, A.: DanielaIacopino, Identification of dye content in colored BIC ballpoint pen inks by Raman spectroscopy and surface-enhanced Raman scattering. J. Raman Spectrosc. 50, 115–126 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/jrs.5512
Andrysiewicz, W., Krzeminski, J., Skarżynski, K., Marszalek, K., Sloma, M., Rydosz, A.: Flexible gas sensor printed on a polymer substrate for sub-ppm acetone detection. Electron. Mater. Lett. 16, 146–155 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13391-020-00199-z
Bosshard, C., Sutter, K., et al.: Organic Nonlinear Optical Materials. Gordon and Breach Publishers, Pennsylvania (1995)
Chang, Y., Lau, T.-K., Chow, P.C.Y., Wu, N., Su, D., Zhang, W., Meng, H., Ma, C., Liu, T., Li, K., Zou, X., Wong, K.S., Lu, X., Yan, H., Zhan, C.: A 16.4% efficiency organic photovoltaic cell enabled using two donor polymers with their sidechains oriented differently by a ternary strategy. J. Mater. Chem. A 8, 3676–3685 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ta13293g
Cheng, P., Li, G., Zhan, X., Yang, Y.: Next-generation organic photovoltaics basedon non-fullerene acceptors. Nat. Photonics 12, 131–142 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-018-0104-9
Deng, Y., Li, S., Ye, D., Jiang, H., Tang, B., Zhou, G.: Synthesis and a photo-stability study of organic dyes for electro-fluidic display. Micromachines 11, 81 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/mi11010081
El-Ouazzani, H., Dabos-Seignon, S., Gindre, D., Iliopoulos, K., Todorova, M., Bakalska, R., Penchev, P., Sotirov, S., Kolev, T., Serbezov, V., Arbaoui, A., Bakasseand, M., Sahraoui, B.: Novel styrylquinolinium dye thin films deposited by pulsed laser deposition for nonlinear optical applications. J. Phys. Chem. C 116, 7144–7152 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/jp2118218
El-Zaidia, E.F.M., Al-Kotb, M.S., Yahia, I.S.: Deposition of nanostructured methyl violet-10B films/FTO: optical limiting and optical linearity/nonlinearity. Mater. Chem. Phys. 240, 122074 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2019.122074
Esfahani, Z.H., Ghanipour, M., Dorranian, D.: Effect of dye concentration on the optical properties of red-BS dye-doped PVA film. J. Theor. Appl. Phys. 8, 117–121 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40094-014-0139-3
Farag, A.A.M., Yahia, I.S.: Structural, absorption and optical dispersion characteristics of rhodamine B thin films prepared by drop casting technique. Opt. Commun. 283, 4310–4317 (2010)
Fioravanti, A., Carotta, M.C.: Year 2020: a snapshot of the last progress in flexible printed gas sensors. Appl. Sci. 10, 1741 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/app10051741
Frumar, M., Jedelsky, J., Frumarov, B., Wagner, T., Hrdlicka, M.: Optically and thermally induced changes of structure, linear and non-linear optical properties of chalcogenides thin films. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 326 & 327, 399–404 (2003)
Fukuda, M.: Optical Semiconductor Devices. Wiley, New York (1999)
Gao, L., Chao, L., Hou, M., Liang, J., Chen, Y., Yu, H.-D., Huang, W.: Flexible, transparent nanocellulose paper-based perovskite solar cells. NPJ Flex. Electron. 3, 4 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41528-019-0048-2
Gertsen, A.S., Castro, M.F., Søndergaard, R.R., Andreasen, J.W.: Scalable fabrication of organic solar cells based on non-fullerene acceptors. Flex. Print. Electron. 5, 014004 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-8585/ab5f57
Gter, P. (ed.): Nonlinear Optical Effects and Materials. Springer, New York (2000)
Hashemi, S.A., Ramakrishna, S., Aberle, A.G.: Recent progress in flexible–wearable solar cells for self-powered electronic devices. Energy Environ. Sci. 13, 685–743 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ee03046h
Hassanien, A.S., Sharma, I.: Optical properties of quaternary a-Ge15-x Sbx Se50 Te35 thermally evaporated thin-films: refractive index dispersion and single oscillator parameters. Optik 200, 163415 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2019.163415
Hassanien, A.S., El Radaf, I.M.: Optical characterizations of quaternary Cu2MnSnS4 thin films: novel synthesis process of film samples by spray pyrolysis technique. Phys. B (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2020.412110
Kang, M.-A., Kim, S.J., Song, W., Chang, S., Park, C.-Y., Myung, S., Lim, J., Lee, S.S., An, K.-S.: Fabrication of flexible optoelectronic devices based on MoS2 /graphene hybrid patterns by a soft lithographic patterning method. Carbon 116, 167–173 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2017.02.001
Kumaresan, S., Ahamed, M.B.: Nonlinear optical properties of pyronin b dye by z-scan technique using q-switched pulsed Nd: YAG laser. Int. J. Chem. Tech. Res. 8, 1163–1167 (2015)
Lei, T., Peng, R., Song, W., Hong, L., Huang, J.: NannanFeia, Ziyi Ge, Bendable and foldable flexible organic solar cells based on Ag nanowire films with 10.30% efficiency. J. Mater. Chem. A 7, 3737–3744 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ta11293b
Li, J., Zhu, L., Wu, Y., Harima, Y., Zhang, A., Tang, H.: Hybrid composites of conductive polyaniline and nanocrystalline titanium oxide prepared via self-assembling and graft polymerization. Polymer 47(21), 7361–7367 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2006.08.059
Lin, C.-H., Huang, C.-W., Wang, P.-H., Guo, T.-F., Wen, T.-C.: Sol–gel ZnO modified by organic dye molecules for efficient inverted polymer solar cells. J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng. 107, 72–77 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2019.11.010
Liu, Z., Yang, X., Makita, Y., Ooi, K.: Preparation of a polycation-intercalated layered manganese oxide nanocomposite by a delamination/reassembling process. Chem. Mater. 14(11), 4800–4806 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1021/cm020652h
Liu, Q., Bottle, S.E., Sonar, P.: Developments of diketopyrrolopyrrole-dye-based organic semiconductors for a wide range of applications in electronics. Adv. Mater. 32, 1903882 (2020a). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201903882
Liu, J., Jiang, L., Shi, J., Li, C., Shi, Y., Tan, J., Li, H., Jiang, H., Yuanyuan, Hu, Liu, X., Junsheng, Yu, Wei, Z., Jiang, L., Wenping, Hu: Relieving the photosensitivity of organic field-effect transistors. Adv. Mater. 32, 1906122 (2020b)
Long, J., Huang, Z., Zhang, J., Hu, X., Tan, L., Chen, Y.: Flexible perovskite solar cells: device design and perspective. Flex. Print. Electron. (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-8585/ab556e
Nasu, H., Mackenzie, J.D.: Nonlinear optical properties of glasses and glass- or gel-based composites. Opt. Eng. 26(2), 102–106 (1987)
Nasu, H., Matsuoka, J.: KanichiKamiya, Second- and third-order optical non-linearity of homogeneous glasses. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 178, 23–30 (1994)
Osw, P., Nitti, A., Abdullah, M.N., Etkind, S.I., Mwaura, J., Galbiati, A., Pasini, D.: Synthesis and evaluation of scalable D-A-D π-extended oligomers as p-type organic materials for bulk-heterojunction solar cells. Polymers 12, 720 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12030720
Park, J., Heo, S., Park, K., Song, M.H., Kim, J.-Y., Kyung, G., Ruoff, R.S., Park, J.-U., Bien, F.: Research on flexible display at Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology. NPJ Flex. Electron. 1, 1 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41528-017-0006-9
Pfeger, J., Cimrová, V.: Polymers for electronics and photonics: science for applications. Chem. Pap. 72, 1561–1562 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-018-0472-0
Sen, S.N.B., Manik, : Effect of back electrode on trap energy and interfacial barrier height of crystal violet dye-based organic device. Bull. Mater. Sci. 43, 60 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12034-020-2047-2
Smith, W.L.: in M.J. Weber (Ed.), Handbook of Laser Science and Technology, vol. 3, part 1, p.259, Chemical Rubber Co., Boca Raton (1986).
Swinehart, D.F.: The Beer–Lambert law. J. Chem. Educ. 39(7), 333 (1962). https://doi.org/10.1021/ed039p333
Tauc, J., Menth, A.: States in the gap. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 8–10, 569–585 (1972)
Ticha, H., Tichy, L.: Semiempirical relation between non-linear susceptibility (refractive index), linear refractive index and optical gap and its application to amorphous chalcogenides. J. Optoelectron. Adv. Mater. 4(2), 381–386 (2002)
Trung, T.Q., Kim, C., Lee, H.-B., Cho, S.M., Lee, N.-E.: Toward a stretchable organic light-emitting diode on 3D microstructured elastomeric substrate and transparent hybrid anode. Adv. Mater. Technol. 5, 1900995 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.201900995
Umezu, I., Miyamoto, K., Sakamoto, N., Maeda, K.: Optical bond gap and tauc gap in a-SiO x: H and a-SiN x: H Films. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 34(1), 1753–1758 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1143/jjap.34.1753
Wahab, L.A., Zayed, H.A., El-Galil, A.A.A.: Study of structural and optical properties of Cd1-xZnxSe thin films. Thin Solid Films 520(16), 5195–5199 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2012.03.119
Wang, C.C.: Empirical relation between the linear and the third-order nonlinear optical susceptibilities. Phys. Rev. B 2(6), 2045–2048 (1970). https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.2.2045
Wei, Q., Fei, N., Islam, A., Lei, T., Hong, L., Peng, R., Fan, Xi, Chen, L., Gao, P., Ge, Z.: Small-molecule emitters with high quantum efficiency: mechanisms, structures, and applications in OLED devices. Adv. Opt. Mater. 6, 1800512 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/adom.201800512
Wemple, S.H., DiDomenico Jr., M.: Behavior of the electronic dielectric constant in covalent and ionic materials. Phys. Rev. B 3(11), 1338 (1971)
Wu, Z.-L., Qi, Y.-N., Yin, X.-J., Yang, X., Chenc, C.-M., Yu, J.-Y., Yu, J.-C., Lin, Y.-M., Hui, F., Liu, P.-L., Liang, Y.-X., Zhang, Y., Zhao, M.-S.: Polymer-based device fabrication and applications using direct laser writing technology. Polymers 11, 553 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11030553
Wynne, J.J.: Optical third-order mixing in GaAs, Ge, Si, and InAs. Phys. Rev. 178(3), 1295–1303 (1969). https://doi.org/10.1103/physrev.178.1295
Yahia, I.S., Jilani, A., Abutalib, M.M., AlFaify, S., Shkir, M., Abdel-wahab, M.S., Al-Ghamdi, A.A., El-Naggar, A.M.: A study on linear and non-linear optical constants of Rhodamine B thin film deposited on FTO glass. Phys. B 490, 25–30 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2016.03.003
Zeyada, H.M., Makhlouf, M.M.: Electrical conduction mechanisms and dielectric constants of nanostructured methyl violet 2B thin films. Appl. Phys. A 119, 1109–1118 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-015-9076-5
Zheng, B., Huo, L., Li, Y.: Benzodithiophenedione-based polymers: recent advances in organic photovoltaics. NPG Asia Mater. 12, 3 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41427-019-0163-5
Acknowledgements
The authors express their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University for funding this work through research groups program under Grant Number R.G.P.1/22/40
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Abdel-Galil, A., Assiri, M.A. & Yahia, I.S. Optical analysis of methyl violet thin films/polymeric substrate for flexible organic technology. Opt Quant Electron 52, 377 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-020-02491-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-020-02491-6