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Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-Gamma (PPAR-ɣ): Molecular Effects and Its Importance as a Novel Therapeutic Target for Cerebral Ischemic Injury

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Abstract

Cerebral ischemic injury is a leading cause of death and long-term disability throughout the world. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-ɣ) is a ligand-activated nuclear transcription factor that is a member of the PPAR family. PPAR-ɣ has been shown in several in vitro and in vivo models to prevent post-ischemic inflammation and neuronal damage by negatively controlling the expression of genes modulated by cerebral ischemic injury, indicating a neuroprotective effect during cerebral ischemic injury. A extensive literature review of PubMed, Medline, Bentham, Scopus, and EMBASE (Elsevier) databases was carried out to understand the nature of the extensive work done on the mechanistic role of Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma and its modulation in Cerebral ischemic injury. PPAR-ɣ can interact with specific DNA response elements to control gene transcription and expression when triggered by its ligand. It regulates lipid metabolism, improves insulin sensitivity, modulates antitumor mechanisms, reduces oxidative stress, and inhibits inflammation. This review article provides insights on the current state of research into the neuroprotective effects of PPAR-ɣ in cerebral ischemic injury, as well as the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which these effects are modulated, such as inhibition of inflammation, reduction of oxidative stress, suppression of pro-apoptotic production, modulation of transcription factors, and restoration of injured tissue through neurogenesis and angiogenesis.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Patiala, Punjab, India for providing the necessary facilities to carry out the research work.

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  1. Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India

    Ashi Mannan, Nikhil Garg & Thakur Gurjeet Singh

  2. Chitkara School of Health Sciences, Chitkara University, Punjab, India

    Harmeet Kaur Kang

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Conceptualization: Conceived and designed the experiments: TGS. Analyzed the data: AM, HKK Wrote the manuscript: AM, NG. Visualization: HKK. Editing of the Manuscript: TGS. Critically reviewed the article: TGS. Supervision: TGS. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Thakur Gurjeet Singh.

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Mannan, A., Garg, N., Singh, T.G. et al. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-Gamma (PPAR-ɣ): Molecular Effects and Its Importance as a Novel Therapeutic Target for Cerebral Ischemic Injury. Neurochem Res 46, 2800–2831 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-021-03402-1

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