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Spinal Cord Injury: Animal Models, Imaging Tools and the Treatment Strategies

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Abstract

Spinal cord injury (SCI) often leads to irreversible neuro-degenerative changes with life-long consequences. While there is still no effective therapy available, the results of past research have led to improved quality of life for patients suffering from partial or permanent paralysis. In this review we focus on the need, importance and the scientific value of experimental animal models simulating SCI in humans. Furthermore, we highlight modern imaging tools determining the location and extent of spinal cord damage and their contribution to early diagnosis and selection of appropriate treatment. Finally, we focus on available cellular and acellular therapies and novel combinatory approaches with exosomes and active biomaterials. Here we discuss the efficacy and limitations of adult mesenchymal stem cells which can be derived from bone marrow, adipose tissue or umbilical cord blood and its Wharton’s jelly. Special attention is paid to stem cell-derived exosomes and smart biomaterials due to their special properties as a delivery system for proteins, bioactive molecules or even genetic material.

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Abbreviations

ATMSCs:

Adipose tissue mesenchymal stem cells

ASIA score:

American Spinal Injury Association score

bFGF:

Basic fibroblast growth factor

BMSCs:

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells

CM:

Conditioned media

CNS:

Central nervous system

DESI imaging:

Desorption electrospray ionization imaging technique

DTI:

Diffusion tensor imaging

DW-MRI:

Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging

FDG:

Fluorodeoxyglucose

GDNF:

Glial cell derived neurotrophic factor

LC ACs:

Long-chain acylcarnitines

lyso PC:

Lysophosphatidylcholines

MALDI:

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization

MEPs:

Motor-evoked potentials

MRI:

Magnetic resonance imaging

MSC:

Mesenchymal stem cells

NGF:

Nerve growth factor

NT-3:

Neurotrophin-3 protein

NT-4:

Neurotrophin-4 protein

PAN/PVC:

Polyacrylonitrile/polyvinylchloride

PGA:

Poly(glycolic acid)

PET:

Positron emission tomography

PHEMA:

Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)

PLA:

Poly(lactic acid)

PLCL:

Poly(lactic-co-caprolactone)

PLGA:

Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)

PNS:

Peripheral nervous system

PTFE:

Poly(tetrafluoro-ethylene)

PVA:

Polyvinylalcohol

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SEPs:

Somato-sensory evoked potentials

SCI:

Spinal cord injury

TBI:

Traumatic brain injury

UC:

Umbilical cord

UCMSC:

Umbilical cord derived mesenchymal stem cells

WJ:

Wharton’s jelly

WJMSCs:

Wharton’s jelly derived mesenchymal stem cells

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Acknowledgements

This research was supported by: APVV 15-0613 (Dasa Cizkova), ERANET-AxonRepair (Dasa Cizkova), VEGA 2/0146/19, VEGA 1/0571/17, Grants from Ministère de L’Education Nationale, L’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche, INSERM (Michel Salzet), SIRIC ONCOLille Grant INCD a-DGOS-Inserm 6041aa (Isabelle Fournier), IGA UVLF 06/2018 “Influence of Regeneration Capacity of Nervous Tissue in vitro through Adult Stem Cells products”.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 10, Bratislava, Slovakia

    Dasa Cizkova, Adriana-Natalia Murgoci & Veronika Cubinkova

  2. Department of Anatomy, Histology and Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81, Kosice, Slovakia

    Dasa Cizkova, Filip Humenik, Zuzana Mojzisova & Marcela Maloveska

  3. Department of Epizootology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81, Kosice, Slovakia

    Milan Cizek

  4. Inserm, U-1192—Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, Université de Lille, 59000, Lille, France

    Dasa Cizkova, Adriana-Natalia Murgoci, Isabelle Fournier & Michel Salzet

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  3. Veronika Cubinkova
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All the authors contributed to the writing of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Dasa Cizkova.

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Cizkova, D., Murgoci, AN., Cubinkova, V. et al. Spinal Cord Injury: Animal Models, Imaging Tools and the Treatment Strategies. Neurochem Res 45, 134–143 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-019-02800-w

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