Abstract
We present a novel approach to prepare highly dispersive nano-TiO2 by in situ growth on functional graphene (FG) via impregnation-hydrothermal method. The functional graphene was obtained by means of triethanolamine to modify graphene oxide. The characterization results collected by Fourier-transform infrared spectra, transmission electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that nano-TiO2 particles with anatase phase and a narrow size distribution (the average particle size is 5 nm) were dispersed on the surface of FG uniformly. Then, the photocatalytic activity of as-prepared catalyst under UV light was evaluated, and the results showed that it possessed better photocatalytic activity than pure TiO2 and TiO2 on GO prepared by similar method. In addition, the as-prepared photocatalyst revealed considerable photocatalytic ability under visible light.
Graphical Abstract
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Asahi R, Morikawa T, Ohwaki T, Aoki K, Taga Y (2001) Visible-light photocatalysis in nitrogen-doped titanium oxides. Science 293:269–271. doi:10.1126/science.1061051
Bai X, Huang X, Zhang X, Hua Z, Wang C, Qin Q, Zhang Q (2014) TiO2-graphene nanoparticle based electrochemical sensor for the bimodal-response detection of 4-chlorophenol. RSC Adv 4:13461–13468. doi:10.1039/C3RA48065H
Chen X, Burda C (2004) Photoelectron spectroscopic investigation of nitrogen-doped titania nanoparticles. J Phys Chem B 108:15446–15449. doi:10.1021/jp0469160
Chen C, Bai H, Chang SM, Chang C, Den W (2007a) Preparation of N-doped TiO2 photocatalyst by atmospheric pressure plasma process for VOCs decomposition under UV and visible light sources. J Nanopart Res 9:365–375. doi:10.1007/s11051-006-9141-2
Chen XB, Mao SS, Chen X, Mao SS (2007b) Titanium dioxide nanomaterials: synthesis, properties, modifications, and applications. Chem Rev 38:2891–2959. doi:10.1021/cr0500535
Chen H, Wang Y, Dong S (2007c) An effective hydrothermal route for the synthesis of multiple PDDA-protected noble-metal nanostructures. Inorg Chem 46:10587–10593. doi:10.1021/ic7009572
Gu L, Wang J, Cheng H, Zhao Y, Liu L, Han X (2013) One-step preparation of graphene-supported anatase TiO2 with exposed 001 facets and mechanism of enhanced photocatalytic properties. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 5:3085–3093. doi:10.1021/am303274t
Guo J, Zhu S, Chen Z, Li Y, Yu Z, Liu Q, Zhang D (2011) Sonochemical synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles on graphene for use as photocatalyst. Ultrason Sonochem 18:1082–1090. doi:10.1016/j.ultsonch.2011.03.021
Han K, Shen JM, Hao SQ, Ye HQ, Wolverton C, Kung MC, Kung HH (2014) Free-standing nitrogen-doped graphene paper as electrodes for high-performance lithium/dissolved polysulfide batteries. ChemSusChem 7:2545–2553. doi:10.1002/cssc.201402329
Jang HD, Kim SK, Kim SJ (2001) Effect of particle size and phase composition of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on the photocatalytic properties. J Nanopart Res 3:141–147. doi:10.1023/A:1017948330363
Jiang G, Lin Z, Chen C, Zhu L, Chang Q, Wang N, Wei W, Tang H (2011) TiO2 nanoparticles assembled on graphene oxide nanosheets with high photocatalytic activity for removal of pollutants. Carbon 49:2693–2701. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2011.02.059
Lee JS, You KH, Park CB (2012) Highly photoactive, low bandgap TiO2 nanoparticles wrapped by graphene. Adv Mater 24:1084–1088. doi:10.1002/adma.201104110
Li L, Zhu W, Zhang P, Chen Z, Han W (2003) Photocatalytic oxidation and ozonation of catechol over carbon-black-modified nano-TiO2 thin films supported on Al sheet. Water Res 37:3646–3651. doi:10.1016/S0043-1354(03)00269-0
Li JG, Ishigaki T, Sun X (2007) Anatase, brookite, and rutile nanocrystals via redox reactions under mild hydrothermal conditions: phase-selective synthesis and physicochemical properties. J Phys Chem C 111:4969–4976. doi:10.1021/jp0673258
Liang Y, Wang H, Casalongue HS, Chen Z, Dai H (2010) TiO2 nanocrystals grown on graphene as advanced photocatalytic hybrid materials. Nano Res 3:701–705. doi:10.1007/s12274-010-0033-5
Liu J, Bai H, Wang Y, Liu Z, Zhang X, Sun DD (2010) Self-assembling TiO2 nanorods on large graphene oxide sheets at a two-phase interface and their anti-recombination in photocatalytic applications. Adv Funct Mater 20:4175–4181. doi:10.1002/adfm.201001391
Liu G, Gui S, Zhou H, Zeng F, Zhou Y, Ye H (2014) A strong adsorbent for Cu2+: graphene oxide modified with triethanolamine. Dalton Trans 43:6977–6980. doi:10.1039/C4DT00063C
Low W, Boonamnuayvitaya V (2013) A study of photocatalytic graphene-TiO2 synthesis via peroxo titanic acid refluxed sol. Mater Res Bull 48:2809–2816. doi:10.1016/j.materresbull.2013.04.020
Ma JQ, Guo SB, Guo XH, Ge HG (2015) Liquid-phase deposition of TiO2 nanoparticles on core-shell Fe3O4@SiO2 spheres: preparation, characterization, and photocatalytic activity. J Nanopart Res 17:1–11. doi:10.1007/s11051-015-3107-1
Manga KK, Wang S, Jaiswal M, Bao Q, Loh KP (2010) Graphene electronics: high-gain graphene-titanium oxide photoconductor made from inkjet printable ionic solution. Adv Mater 22:5265–5270. doi:10.1002/adma.201090154
Morales-Torres S, Pastrana-Martínez LM, Figueiredo JL, Faria JL, Silva AM (2012) Design of graphene-based TiO2 photocatalysts—a review. Environ Sci Pollut Res 19:3676–3687. doi:10.1007/s11356-012-0939-4
Park S, An J, Potts JR, Velamakanni A, Murali S, Ruoff RS (2011) Hydrazine-reduction of graphite-and graphene oxide. Carbon 49:3019–3023. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2011.02.071
Qiu B, Xing M, Zhang J (2014) Mesoporous TiO2 nanocrystals grown in situ on graphene aerogels for high photocatalysis and lithium-ion batteries. J Am Chem Soc 136:5852–5855. doi:10.1021/ja500873u
Tan LL, Chai SP, Mohamed AR (2012) Synthesis and applications of graphene-based TiO2 photocatalysts. ChemSusChem 5:1868–1882. doi:10.1002/cssc.201200480
Wang W, Liu H, Wu T, Zhang P, Ding G, Liang S, Han B (2012) Ru catalyst supported on bentonite for partial hydrogenation of benzene to cyclohexene. J Mol Catal A 355:174–179. doi:10.1016/j.molcata.2011.12.013
Xiang Q, Yu J, Jaroniec M (2012) Graphene-based semiconductor photocatalysts. Chem Soc Rev 41:782–796. doi:10.1039/C1CS15172J
Yang HG, Liu G, Qiao SZ, Sun CH, Jin YG, Smith SC, Lu GQ (2009) Solvothermal synthesis and photoreactivity of anatase TiO2 nanosheets with dominant 001 facets. J Am Chem Soc 131:4078–4083. doi:10.1021/ja808790p
Yu X, Manthiram A (2015) MnNiCoO4/N-MWCNT nanocomposite catalyst with high selectivity in membraneless direct formate fuel cells and bifunctional activity for oxygen electrochemistry. Catal Sci Technol 5:2072–2075. doi:10.1039/C4CY01702A
Yu CL, Wu RX, Fu YH, Dong XL, Ma HC (2012) Preparation of polyaniline supported TiO2 photocatalyst and its photocatalytic property. Adv Mater Res 356:524–528. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.356-360.524
Yuan L, Yu Q, Zhang Y, Xu YJ (2014) Graphene-TiO2 nanocomposite photocatalysts for selective organic synthesis in water under simulated solar light irradiation. RSC Adv 4:15264–15270. doi:10.1039/C4RA01190B
Zhang Y, Pan C (2011) TiO2/graphene composite from thermal reaction of graphene oxide and its photocatalytic activity in visible light. J Mater Sci 46:2622–2626. doi:10.1007/s10853-010-5116-x
Zhang H, Xu P, Du G, Chen Z, Oh K, Pan D, Jiao Z (2011) A facile one-step synthesis of TiO2/graphene composites for photodegradation of methyl orange. Nano Res 4:274–283. doi:10.1007/s12274-010-0079-4
Zhou K, Zhu Y, Yang X, Jiang X, Li C (2011) Preparation of graphene-TiO2 composites with enhanced photocatalytic activity. New J Chem 35:353–359. doi:10.1039/C0NJ00623H
Zhou Y, Liu J, Li X, Pan X, Bao X (2012) Selectivity modulation in the consecutive hydrogenation of benzaldehyde via functionalization of carbon nanotubes. J Nat Gas Chem 21:241–245. doi:10.1016/S1003-9953(11)60359-9
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NO. 21376271 and 21276284), the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province (NO. 2015JJ2174), and the Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Liu, G., Wang, R., Liu, H. et al. Highly dispersive nano-TiO2 in situ growing on functional graphene with high photocatalytic activity. J Nanopart Res 18, 21 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-016-3330-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-016-3330-4