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Insight into the pathophysiological advances and molecular mechanisms underlying cerebral stroke: current status

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Abstract

Molecular pathways involved in cerebral stroke are diverse. The major pathophysiological events that are observed in stroke comprises of excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, endoplasmic reticulum stress, cellular acidosis, blood–brain barrier disruption, neuronal swelling and neuronal network mutilation. Various biomolecules are involved in these pathways and several major proteins are upregulated and/or suppressed following stroke. Different types of receptors, ion channels and transporters are activated. Fluctuations in levels of various ions and neurotransmitters have been observed. Cells involved in immune responses and various mediators involved in neuro-inflammation get upregulated progressing the pathogenesis of the disease. Despite of enormity of the problem, there is not a single therapy that can limit infarction and neurological disability due to stroke. This is because of poor understanding of the complex interplay between these pathophysiological processes. This review focuses upon the past to present research on pathophysiological events that are involved in stroke and various factors that are leading to neuronal death following cerebral stroke. This will pave a way to researchers for developing new potent therapeutics that can aid in the treatment of cerebral stroke.

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Acknowledgements

D.H.K.R is highly thankful to the UGC-BSR (Grant No. F.30-583/2021 (BSR) and Central University of Punjab, Bathinda-Research Seed Money (Grant No. CUPB/CC/PF/20/226) for providing research support. R.D is recipients of research fellowship from the Department of Science and Technology DST-INSPIRE (Reg. No. IF210098).

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  1. Advanced Pharmacology and Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, 151401, India

    Rishika Dhapola & Dibbanti HariKrishnaReddy

  2. Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, Punjab, 160012, India

    Bikash Medhi

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  1. Rishika Dhapola
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D.H.K.R and B.M designed the manuscript. D.H.K.R and R.D wrote the manuscript and prepared the illustrated figures, and tables. D.H.KR. and B.M revised the manuscript for important intellectual content. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. All persons designated as authors qualify for author-ship, and all those who qualify for authorship are listed.

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Correspondence to Dibbanti HariKrishnaReddy.

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Dhapola, R., Medhi, B. & HariKrishnaReddy, D. Insight into the pathophysiological advances and molecular mechanisms underlying cerebral stroke: current status. Mol Biol Rep 51, 649 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-024-09597-0

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