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The gut microbiome: an important role in neurodegenerative diseases and their therapeutic advances

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Abstract

There are complex interactions between the gut and the brain. With increasing research on the relationship between gut microbiota and brain function, accumulated clinical and preclinical evidence suggests that gut microbiota is intimately involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). Increasingly studies are beginning to focus on the association between gut microbiota and central nervous system (CNS) degenerative pathologies to find potential therapies for these refractory diseases. In this review, we summarize the changes in the gut microbiota in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and contribute to our understanding of the function of the gut microbiota in NDs and its possible involvement in the pathogenesis. We subsequently discuss therapeutic approaches targeting gut microbial abnormalities in these diseases, including antibiotics, diet, probiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). Furthermore, we summarize some completed and ongoing clinical trials of interventions with gut microbes for NDs, which may provide new ideas for studying NDs.

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Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no new data were created or analyzed in this study.

Abbreviations

MGB:

Microbiota–gut–brain

NDs:

Neurodegenerative diseases

CNS:

Central nervous system

AD:

Alzheimer's disease

PD:

Parkinson's disease

MS:

Multiple sclerosis

ALS:

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Aβ:

β-Amyloid

NFTs:

Neurogenic fiber tangles

MCI:

Mild cognitive impairment

HC:

Healthy controls

NPS:

Neuropsychiatric symptoms

SCFAs:

Short-chain fatty acids

NPS:

Neuropsychiatric symptoms

ADLPAPT :

Amyloid and neurofibrillary tangles

WT:

Wild type

EECs:

Intestinal endocrine cells

APPPS1:

Amyloidosis mouse of the AD model

TLR4:

Toll-like receptor 4

α-Syn:

α-Synuclein

DMX:

Dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve

RRMS:

Relapsing–remitting MS

FMT:

Fecal microbial transplantation

6-OHDA:

6-Hydroxydopamine

EAE:

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

KD:

Ketogenic diet

APP/PS1:

APPswe/PS1dE9

TNF-α:

Tumor necrosis factor-α

IL-6:

Interleukin-6

IL-1:

Interleukin-1

IFN-γ:

Interferon-γ

IL-4:

Interleukin-4

IL-10:

Interleukin-10

5-HT:

5-Hydroxytryptamine

GABA:

γ-Aminobutyric acid

Glu:

Glutamic acid

CCK:

Chole cystokinin

YYP:

YY peptide

GRF:

Glucagon-releasing factor

GLP-1:

Glucagon-like peptide-1

Trp:

Tryptophan

Tyr:

Tyrosine

Gln:

Glutamine

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Funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81973626, No. 81774059), the Tianjin Municipal Science and Technology Commission of China (No. 21JCYBJC01620), Tianjin Health Committee (No. 2021099) and Tianjin Education Committee (No. 2021KJ146).

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  1. Songlin Li and Linna Zhao contributed equally to this work and share first authorship.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China

    Songlin Li, Linna Zhao, Jie Xiao, Yuying Guo, Rong Fu & Shixin Xu

  2. National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China

    Songlin Li, Linna Zhao, Jie Xiao, Yuying Guo, Rong Fu & Shixin Xu

  3. Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, China

    Linna Zhao, Yuying Guo & Shixin Xu

  4. Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China

    Songlin Li, Jie Xiao & Rong Fu

  5. School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China

    Yunsha Zhang

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Contributions

All authors had full access to all data in the study and were responsible for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. SL and JX proposed writing ideas; writing—original draft, SL, LZ, and JX; writing—review and editing, SL, LZ, RF, YG, and YZ; visualization, SL and LZ; supervision, SX and LZ; and project management, SL and SX.

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Correspondence to Shixin Xu.

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Li, S., Zhao, L., Xiao, J. et al. The gut microbiome: an important role in neurodegenerative diseases and their therapeutic advances. Mol Cell Biochem (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11010-023-04853-6

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