Abstract
Objective Growing evidence suggests that maternal socioeconomic mobility (SM) is associated with pregnancy outcomes. Our study investigated the association between maternal SM from childhood to adulthood and the risk of preterm delivery (PTD), and examined heterogeneity of associations by race/ethnicity. Methods In this study, 3019 pregnant women enrolled from 5 Michigan communities at 16–27 weeks’ gestation (1998–2004) provided their parents’ socioeconomic position (SEP) indicators (education, occupation, receipt of public assistance) and their own and child’s father’s SEP indicators (education, occupation, Medicaid status, and household income) at the time of enrollment. Latent class analysis was used to identify latent classes of childhood SEP indicators, adulthood SEP indicators, and SM from childhood to adulthood, respectively. A model-based approach to latent class analysis with distal outcome assessed relations between latent class and PTD, overall and within race/ethnicity groups. Results Three latent classes (low, middle, high) were identified for childhood SEP indicators and adulthood SEP indicators, respectively; while four latent classes (static low, upward, downward, and static high) best described SM. Women with upward SM had decreased odds of PTD (Odds ratio = 0.60, 95% confidence interval: 0.42, 0.87), compared to those with static low SEP. This SM advantage was true for all women and most pronounced in white/others women. Conclusions Maternal experiences of upward SM may be important considerations when assessing PTD risk. Our results support the argument that policies and programs aimed at improving women’s SEP could lower PTD rates.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Astone, N., Misra, D., & Lynch, C. (2007). The effect of maternal socio-economic status throughout the lifespan on infant birthweight. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, 21(4), 310–318.
Auger, N., Giraud, J., & Daniel, M. (2009). The joint influence of area income, income inequality, and immigrant density on adverse birth outcomes: a population-based study. BMC Public Health, 9(1), 237
Basso, O., Olsen, J., Johansen, A., & Christensen, K. (1997). Change in social status and risk of low birth weight in Denmark: Population based cohort study. BMJ, 315(7121), 1498–1502.
Blencowe, H., Cousens, S., Chou, D., Oestergaard, M., Say, L., Moller, A., Kinney, M., & Lawn, J. (2013). Born too soon: The global epidemiology of 15 million preterm births. Reproductive Health, 10(Suppl 1), S2.
Blumenshine, P., Egerter, S., Barclay, C., Cubbin, C., & Braveman, P. (2010). Socioeconomic disparities in adverse birth outcomes: A systematic review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 39(3), 263–272.
Blumenshine, P., Egerter, S., Libet, M., & Braveman, P. (2011). Father’s education: An independent marker of risk for preterm birth. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 15(1), 60–67.
Cohen, S., Janicki-Deverts, D., Chen, E., & Matthews, K. (2010). Childhood socioeconomic status and adult health. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1186(1), 37–55.
Colen, C., Geronimus, A., Bound, J., & James, S. (2006). Maternal upward socioeconomic mobility and black–white disparities in infant birthweight. American Journal of Public Health, 96(11), 2032–2039.
Collins, J., Rankin, K., & David, R. (2015). Downward economic mobility and preterm birth: an exploratory study of Chicago-born upper class white mothers. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 19(7), 1601–1607.
Collins, J. W., Jr, D. R. J., Simon, D. M., & Prachand, N. G. (2006). Preterm birth among African American and white women with a lifelong residence in high-income Chicago neighborhoods: An exploratory study. Ethnicity and Disease, 17(1), 113–117.
Collins, J. W. Jr., Rankin, K. M., & David, R. (2011). African American womenʼs lifetime upward economic mobility and preterm birth: The effect of fetal programming. Obstetrical and Gynecological Survey, 66(6), 329–330.
Collins, L., & Lanza, S. (2010). Latent class and latent transition analysis: With applications in the social, behavioral, and health sciences. United States: Wiley.
Dziak, J. J., Yang, J., Tan, X., Bray, B. C., Wagner, A. T., & Lanza, S. T. (2016). LCA distal SAS macro users’ guide (Version 3.0.2). University Park: The Methodology Center, Penn State. http://methodology.psu.edu. Accessed 7 March 7 2016.
Gigante, D., Horta, B., Matijasevich, A., Loret de Mola, C., Barros, A., & Santos, I., et al. (2015). Gestational age and newborn size according to parental social mobility: An intergenerational cohort study. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 69(10), 944–949.
Holzman, C., Bullen, B., Fisher, R., Paneth, N., & Reuss, L. (2001). Pregnancy outcomes and community health: The POUCH study of preterm birth. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, 15(s2), 136–158.
Hvas Mortensen, L., Helweg-Larsen, K., & Nybo Andersen, A. (2011). Socioeconomic differences in perinatal health and disease. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 39(7 Suppl), 110–114.
Joseph, K., Fahey, J., Shankardass, K., Allen, V., O’Campo, P., & Dodds, L., et al. (2014). Effects of socioeconomic position and clinical risk factors on spontaneous and iatrogenic preterm birth. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 14(1), 117.
Kendzor, D., Caughy, M., & Owen, M. (2012). Family income trajectory during childhood is associated with adiposity in adolescence: A latent class growth analysis. BMC Public Health, 12(1), 611.
Kramer, M., Dunlop, A., & Hogue, C. (2013). Measuring women’s cumulative neighborhood deprivation exposure using longitudinally linked vital records: A method for life course MCH research. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 18(2), 478–487.
Lanza, S., Tan, X., & Bray, B. (2013). Latent class analysis with distal outcomes: A flexible model-based approach. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 20(1), 1–26.
Lanza, S. T., Dziak, J. J., Huang, L., Wagner, A., & Collins, L. M. (2015). PROC LCA and PROC LTA users’ guide (Version 1.3.2). University Park: The Methodology Center, Penn State. http://methodology.psu.edu. Accessed 7 March 2016.
Love, C., David, R., Rankin, K., & Collins, J. (2010). Exploring weathering: effects of lifelong economic environment and maternal age on low birth weight, small for gestational age, and preterm birth in African-American and white women. American Journal of Epidemiology, 172(2), 127–134.
Matijasevich, A., Victora, C., Lawlor, D., Golding, J., Menezes, A., & Araújo, C., et al. (2010). Association of socioeconomic position with maternal pregnancy and infant health outcomes in birth cohort studies from Brazil and the UK. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 66(2), 127–135.
McEwen, B. (1998). Stress, adaptation, and disease: Allostasis and Allostatic load. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 840(1), 33–44.
Messer, L., Laraia, B., Kaufman, J., Eyster, J., Holzman, C., & Culhane, J., et al. (2006). The development of a standardized neighborhood deprivation index. Journal of Urban Health, 83(6), 1041–1062.
Morgen, C. S., Bjork, C., Andersen, P. K., Mortensen, L. H., & Andersen, N., A (2008). Socioeconomic position and the risk of preterm birth: A study within the Danish national birth cohort. International Journal of Epidemiology, 37(5), 1109–1120.
Nylund, K., Asparouhov, T., & Muthén, B. (2007). Deciding on the number of classes in latent class analysis and growth mixture modeling: a Monte Carlo simulation study. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 14(4), 535–569.
Osypuk, T., Slaughter-Acey, J., Kehm, R., & Misra, D. (2016). Life-course social mobility and reduced risk of adverse birth outcomes. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 51(6), 975–982.
Ramaswamy, V., Desarbo, W., Reibstein, D., & Robinson, W. (1993). An empirical pooling approach for estimating marketing mix elasticities with PIMS data. Marketing Science, 12(1), 103–124.
Schwarz, G. (1978). Estimating the dimension of a model. The Annals of Statistics, 6(2), 461–464.
Shankardass, K., O’Campo, P., Dodds, L., Fahey, J., Joseph, K., Morinis, J., & Allen, V. (2014). Magnitude of income-related disparities in adverse perinatal outcomes. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 14(1), 96.
Slaughter-Acey, J., Holzman, C., Calloway, D., & Tian, Y. (2016). Movin’ on up: Socioeconomic mobility and the risk of delivering a small-for-gestational age infant. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 20(3), 613–622.
Sletner, L., Jenum, A., Mørkrid, K., Vangen, S., Holme, I., Birkeland, K., & Nakstad, B. (2014). Maternal life course socio-economic position and offspring body composition at birth in a multi-ethnic population. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, 28(5), 445–454.
Spencer, N. (2004). Accounting for the social disparity in birth weight: results from an intergenerational cohort. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 58(5), 418–419.
Whitehead, N. (2012). The relationship of socioeconomic status to preterm contractions and preterm delivery. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 16(8), 1645–1656.
Acknowledgements
Special thanks to members of the POUCH Study Team for their feedback and critique of this manuscript as it was being developed. The POUCH Study was supported by a Perinatal Epidemiologic Research Initiative Program Grant from the March of Dimes Foundation (Grants 20FY01-38 and 20-FY04-37) the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development and the National Institute of Nursing Research (Grant R01 HD34543), the Thrasher Research Foundation (Grant 02816-7) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Grant U01 DP000143-01).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tian, Y., Holzman, C., Slaughter-Acey, J. et al. Maternal Socioeconomic Mobility and Preterm Delivery: A Latent Class Analysis. Matern Child Health J 22, 1647–1658 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-018-2562-6
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-018-2562-6