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Experimental investigations on drying kinetics and modeling of two-phase olive pomace dried in a hybrid solar greenhouse dryer

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Abstract

Olive pomace is generated during the production of olive oil. The disposal of olive pomace presents a serious environmental issue to the agricultural community in Morocco. Among all actions devoted to the reduction of olive pomace waste, their revaluation seems to be the most efficient and advantageous from both environmental and economic points of view. Due to its high moisture content, solar drying constitutes an important and promising solution for a possible bio-fuel conversion of olive pomace. For this purpose, a modified uneven-span greenhouse dryer was designed and installed at the faculty of sciences Semlalia, Marrakech, Morocco. An experimental study of solar drying kinetics of the olive pomace was conducted to test the performances of the modified greenhouse dryer under a hybrid (solar/hot air) forced convection mode. The hot-air blower was supplied by electricity from a PV array installed near the greenhouse. The mean temperatures of air within the greenhouse and of the olive waste during the drying hours reached, respectively, 63 °C and 55 °C (from August 3rd to August 5th). The duration of the drying operation of 300 kg of waste from a moisture content of 50 mass% to 19 mass% was 27 h, which was low compared to the open sun drying. Therefore, hybrid forced mode enabled a considerable reduction in drying time, being an aspect to take into account for its use during low solar radiation. The drying kinetics of thin layer two-phase olive pomace was also investigated. The Two-term Gaussian model was found to be the most suitable model to describe the thin layer drying behavior of the two-phase olive pomace dried under hybrid forced convection greenhouse drying mode. In addition, the Fourier series was used to solve the diffusivity equation inside the two-phase olive pomace. The effective diffusivity was found to be 2.0 10–09 m2 s−1 and 2.3 10–09 m2 s−1 using the linear fit and the slope from two successive points methods, respectively.

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Data availability

The datasets generated during and analyzed during the current study are not publicly available due to confidential issues but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Abbreviations

η (%):

Drying efficiency

Q f (W):

Power of the extraction fans

m ev (kg):

Mass of water evaporated from the two-phase olive pomace

m i (kg):

Initial mass of the two-phase olive pomace

h L (kJ kg− 1):

Latent heat of evaporation of water

M i :

Initial moisture content

I (W m− 2):

Solar radiation

M f :

Final moisture content

τ :

Greenhouse cover transmission

M wt :

Instantaneous moisture content on a wet basis

A (m2):

Greenhouse floor area

SEC (kWh kg− 1):

Specific energy consumption

t (h):

Drying time

SMER (kg kWh− 1):

Specific moisture extraction rate

Q b(W):

Power of the hot air blower

MR:

Moisture ratio, dimensionless value

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Acknowledgements

This work was performed in the framework of the Bioresol project. The authors are grateful to IRESEN for the financial support.

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The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Materials for Energy and Environment (LaMEE), Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, University Cadi Ayyad, 40000, Marrakech, Morocco

    Abderrahman Mellalou, Walid Riad & Abdelkader Outzourhit

  2. Laboratory of Applied Chemistry (LCA), Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, University Cadi Ayyad, 40000, Marrakech, Morocco

    Abdelaziz Bacaoui

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  1. Abderrahman Mellalou
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  2. Walid Riad
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MA: Writing, Methodology, Data acquisition, Original draft preparation, Experience processing RW: Data acquisition, Experience processing BA: Visualization, Investigation OA: Writing, Reviewing, Editing, Investigation and Supervision.

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Correspondence to Abderrahman Mellalou.

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Mellalou, A., Riad, W., Bacaoui, A. et al. Experimental investigations on drying kinetics and modeling of two-phase olive pomace dried in a hybrid solar greenhouse dryer. J Therm Anal Calorim 148, 5471–5483 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-023-12063-x

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