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The preparation, stability and heat-collection efficiency of solar nanofluids

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Abstract

The energy crisis and environmental pollution have forced humanity to look for alternative and clean energy. Collecting solar energy by using solar nanofluids (NFs) due to their excellent photo-thermal properties has been popular. Since many literature focused on solar collectors rather than solar nanofluids, this paper was written to promote the commercialization of solar NFs by reviewing state-of-the-art advances in the preparation techniques, stability, and heat-collection efficiency of solar NFs. The first procedure is to prepare stable NFs, and the preparation techniques of NFs were briefly evaluated, including the one-step method, two-step method, post-treatment method, and phase transfer method. Then, the stability mechanism of NFs was elucidated from a microscopic perspective and the effect of the dielectric constant of base fluid, pH value, surfactant, the size, shape, and concentration of nanoparticles on the stability of NFs were explored. The heat-collection efficiency of solar NFs was also discussed. It is found that the unique optical properties of solar NFs effectively/significantly improved the absorption of solar radiation; meanwhile, the high thermal conductivity (TC) of solar NFs can also improve the efficiency of conversion and transmission of solar collectors. Finally, the knowledge gap and future challenges of solar NFs are summarized, and corresponding suggestions are put forward, hoping to promote the process of putting solar NFs into collectors for commercial use officially.

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Abbreviations

NFs:

Nanofluids

TC:

Thermal conductivity

CNTs:

Carbon nanotubes

EG:

Ethylene glycol

PWE:

Pulsed-wire evaporation

EEW:

Electro-explosive wire

DW:

Distilled water

NHS:

N-hydroxysuccinimide

SDBS:

Sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate

CTAB:

Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide

SDS:

Sodium dodecylsulfate

IEP:

Isoelectric point

TX-100:

Triton X-100

GA:

Gum Arabic

TEM:

Transmission electron microscope

DLS:

Dynamic light scattering

TGA:

Thermo-gravimetric analysis

MWCNT:

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes

V :

Velocity of nanoparticles (μm s−1)

E :

Electric field strength (volts cm−1)

CCDs:

Charge-coupled devices

A λ :

Absorbance

I :

Intensity

l :

Optical path length

c :

Concentration

T λ :

Transmittance

R :

Radius of particles

X :

Distance between the rotation axis and a specific position in the centrifuge tube

g :

Gravity

d :

Diameter

D :

Translational diffusion coefficient

R H :

Dynamic radius of the fluid

K B :

Boltzmann constant

T :

Temperature

\(\zeta\) :

Zeta potential

\(\varepsilon\) :

Permittivity

\(\eta\) :

Viscosity

α :

Absorptivity

ω :

Angular velocity of the centrifuge

ρ :

Density

T :

Total potential energy

VdW :

Van der Waals

EP :

Repulsive potential

R :

Relative

0 :

Vacuum

i :

Incident

t :

Terminal

p :

Particle

b :

Base fluid

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Acknowledgements

The work of this paper is financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52176061, 51876040), the Scientific and Technological Innovation Project of Carbon Emission Peak and Carbon Neutrality of Jiangsu Province (No.BE2022028–4), and the Project of Jiangsu Provincial Six Talent Peaks. The supports are gratefully acknowledged.

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  1. Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China

    Fengjiao Zhou, Liu Yang, Lei Sun & Songyang Wang

  2. College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China

    Jianzhong Song

  3. College of Materials and Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, 610059, China

    Xiaoke Li

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Zhou, F., Yang, L., Sun, L. et al. The preparation, stability and heat-collection efficiency of solar nanofluids. J Therm Anal Calorim 148, 591–622 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-022-11720-x

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