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Numerical analysis on heat transfer performance of industrial double-tube heat exchanger using CNT: Newtonian/non-Newtonian hybrid nanofluids

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Abstract

Heat transfer characteristics and energy consumption analysis of industrial double-tube heat exchanging system are analysed numerically by employing CNT—Newtonian/non-Newtonian hybrid nanofluids as coolants. The base fluid used for Newtonian system is water and for non-Newtonian system is sodium alginate (SA). The considered Newtonian and non-Newtonian hybrid nanofluids are: CNT-Cu/water, CNT-Al2O3/water, CNT-Cu/SA, and CNT-Al2O3/SA. The range of total volume fraction of nanoparticles is from 5 to 20 vol%. The choice of nanoparticles in this study is reliable for industrial deployment. The mixture model approach is adopted to solve the governing equations with control volume strategy combined with a second-order upwind scheme. Assumptions and boundary conditions are reliable to the real-time industry deployment. The current numerical procedure is in accordance with the earlier reported experimental study. Effectiveness, pumping power, and pressure drop of the whole heat exchanger are investigated and reported in this work. With Newtonian hybrid nanofluid, the heat transfer rate of double-tube heat exchanger is increased to ~ 30%. Overall heat transfer coefficient of the heat exchanger is improved by 25% with the usage of Newtonian hybrid nanofluid. The performance index of heat exchanger is increased to about 67% with Newtonian hybrid nanofluid (in the turbulent region). In the overall analysis presented here, Newtonian base fluid with CNT and Cu nanoparticles shows effective heat transfer performance. Finally, the limitations of respective nanoparticles and fluids are explained.

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Abbreviations

A :

Area of heat exchanger, m2

\({C}_{\mathrm{p}}\) :

Specific heat, J kg−1 K−1

CNTs:

Carbon nanotubes

\(D\) :

Tube diameter, mm

DTHE:

Double-tube heat exchanger

\(f\) :

Friction factor

\(g\) :

Gravity force, m s−2

HTP:

Heat transfer performance

\(h\) :

Heat transfer coefficient, W m−2 K−1

\(K\) :

Thermal conductivity, W m−1 K−1

\(L\) :

Length, mm

\(\dot{m}\) :

Mass flow rate, kg s−1

\(n\) :

Shape factor,-

NTU:

Number of transfer units

\(\mathrm{Nu}\) :

Nusselt number, -

PP:

Pumping power, W

q:

Heat transfer rate, W

\(\dot{Q}\) :

Heat convection rate,

\(q^{\prime\prime}\) :

Heat flux, W m−2

\(\mathrm{Ra}\) :

Rayleigh number, -

\(\mathrm{Re}\) :

Reynolds number, -

SA:

Sodium alginate

\(T\) :

Temperature, °C (or) K

\(u,v,w\) :

Velocity components, m s−1

\(VG\) :

Viscosity grade,-

∆\(p\) :

Pressure drop, Pa

∆\(T\) :

Temperature difference, K

U :

Overall heat transfer coefficient, W m−2 K−1

\(\dot{V}\) :

Volumetric flow rate, m3 s−1

\({W}_{{\rm pump}}\) :

Pumping power, W

3D:

Three-dimensional

\(bf\) :

Base fluid

\(c\) :

Cold

\(c,i\) :

Cold inlet

\(c,o\) :

Cold outlet

eff:

Effective

\(f\) :

Fluid

\(hnf\) :

Hybrid nanofluid

\(h\) :

Hot

\(h,i\) :

Hot inlet

\(h,o\) :

Hot outlet

m :

Mixture model in Eqs. (1)–(4)

\(max\) :

Maximum

\(min\) :

Minimum

\(nf\) :

Nanofluid

\(s\) :

Nanoparticle (solid particle)

\(w\) :

Wall

\(\rho\) :

Density, kg m−3

\(\gamma\) :

Kinematic viscosity, m2 s−1

\(\beta\) :

Thermal expansion coefficient, K−1

\(\overrightarrow{v}\) :

Velocity vector

\(\alpha\) :

Thermal diffusivity, m2 s−1

\(\varphi\) :

Volume fraction, %

\(\mu\) :

Viscosity, kg m−1 s−1

\(\varepsilon\) :

Effectiveness –

\(\eta\) :

Performance index

\(\tau\) :

Shear rate

\(\dot{\gamma }\) :

Shear stress

\(\rho\) :

Density

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Acknowledgements

Authors SA and MP express sincere gratitude to SNR Sons Charitable Trust, Coimbatore, India, and Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College, Coimbatore, India. This research work is supported by DST-WOS (A) the project no. SR/WOSA/PM-86/2017 and DST INSPIRE project 04/2013/000209. We sincerely thank Universal Heat Exchangers, Coimbatore, India, to provide the data of heat exchanger (www.uniheat.com).

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Anitha S was involved in conceptualization, software, validation, investigation, and writing—original draft. M. Pichumani contributed to writing—review & editing and supervision.

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Anitha, S., Pichumani, M. Numerical analysis on heat transfer performance of industrial double-tube heat exchanger using CNT: Newtonian/non-Newtonian hybrid nanofluids. J Therm Anal Calorim 147, 9603–9624 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-022-11249-z

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