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Effects of short-term high-temperature calcinations on the physico-chemical and mineralogical properties of Ca-bentonites from Ünye (Ordu, NE Turkey)

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Abstract

Three Ca-bentonite samples from Ünye (NE Turkey) were calcined up to 1000 °C with 200 °C increments at 25 min. The physico-chemical and mineralogical effects of high-temperature loadings were evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) and loss on ignition (LOI) analysis. The results of the experiments show that the dehydration up to 400 °C does not alter the properties of Ca-bentonites significantly; however, the endothermic reactions due to dehydroxylation between 400 and 800 °C cause the deformation in the Ca-smectite crystal structure revealed by the collapse of the basal reflection from 1.4 to 1.0 nm and the gradual disappearance of OH stretching of structural hydroxyl groups and decrease in specific surface area and the closure of micropores. By calcination at 1000 °C, the specific surface area reaches the minima of 1.33–2.05 m2 g−1 for all the samples, and the structure of Ca-smectite is almost completely decomposed for CaB2 and CaB3, however, partially decomposed for CaB1 due to incomplete dehydroxylation stage. The crystallinity of opal-CT intensifies, and the formation of amorphous silica phases is promoted for all samples at 1000 °C; however, the formation of mullite is enhanced only for CaB2 and CaB3. The sintering effect is revealed as much larger aggregates with more rounded morphologies. It is also determined that the calcination up to 1000 °C does not affect the mesoporous characteristics of Ca-bentonite samples.

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Acknowledgements

The authors of this manuscript would like to thank Ünye Mining Industry Trade Limited Comp., who supplied the CaB samples and created collaboration on this scientific subject. The first two authors wish to acknowledge the efficient use of research facilities at Research and Application Centre in Mugla Sitki Kocman University. This manuscript is a M.Sc. thesis study of the first author. The editor and the reviewers of this contribution are highly acknowledged due to their invaluable comments which significantly improved the quality of the manuscript. This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies.

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  1. Geological Engineering Department, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Kötekli, Muğla, Turkey

    Öykü Ataytür & Ceren Küçükuysal

  2. Ünye Mining Industry Trade Limited Company, Ünye, Ordu, Turkey

    Cansu Güngör & Hamit Tecer

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  1. Öykü Ataytür
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Ataytür, Ö., Küçükuysal, C., Güngör, C. et al. Effects of short-term high-temperature calcinations on the physico-chemical and mineralogical properties of Ca-bentonites from Ünye (Ordu, NE Turkey). J Therm Anal Calorim 147, 2091–2099 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-021-10626-4

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