Abstract
This paper experimentally investigated and also modeled using artificial neural networks (ANN) approach the energy analysis of a domestic refrigerator using selected charges of LPG refrigerants (40, 50, 60 and 70 g) and different concentrations (0, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 gL−1) of TiO2-based nanolubricants as replacement for R134a refrigerant. The parameters for energy analysis include: compressor power consumption, cooling capacity, COP, compressor discharge temperature and pressure ratio. The findings showed that cooling capacity and COP of the domestic refrigerator using LPG refrigerant with TiO2 nanoparticles dispersed in a mineral oil lubricant was found to be higher than that of R134a by around 18.74–32.72 and 10.15–61.49%, respectively. Furthermore, compressor power consumption and pressure ratio of the domestic refrigerator using LPG refrigerant with TiO2–mineral oil lubricant were also found to be lower than that of R134a by about 3.20–18.1 and 2.33–8.45%, respectively, under similar conditions. The compressor discharge temperature was also found to be lower using LPG refrigerant with lubricant TiO2–mineral oil than R134a. The results further suggested that the best energetic performance of the domestic refrigerator was obtained using 40 g charge of LPG refrigerant with TiO2–mineral oil lubricant at 0.4 gL−1 of TiO2 concentration under similar operating conditions. The predictions from ANN models had excellent alignment with experimental results giving a range of values for R2 from 0.914 to 0.970, RMSE from 0.111 to 2.317, and MAPE from 0.865 to 3.148%.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- GWP:
-
Global warming potential
- P :
-
Pressure, bar
- h :
-
Enthalpy, kJ kg−1
- W :
-
Compressor power kW
- Q C :
-
Cooling capacity, kW
- MO:
-
Mineral oil
- POE:
-
Polyol ester oil
- LPG:
-
Liquefied petroleum gas
- T :
-
Temperature, K
- COP:
-
Coefficient of performance
- ANN:
-
Artificial neural network
- comp:
-
Compressor
- r :
-
Ratio
- d :
-
Discharge
- η :
-
Isentropic efficiency
References
Adrian MB, Joaquin NE, Angel BC, Francisco M, Bernado P. Analysis based on EU regulation No 517/2014 of new HFC/HFO mixtures as alternatives of high GWP refrigerants in refrigeration and HVAC systems. Int J Refrig. 2015;52:21–31.
UNEP (2016). The emission Gap Report 2016. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Nairobi.
UNEP (2015). The emission Gap Report 2015. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Nairobi.
UNEP (2014). The emission Gap Report 2014. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Nairobi.
Sanchez D, Cabello R, Llopis R, Arauzo I, Catalán-Gil J, Torrella E. Energy performance evaluation of R1234yf, R1234ze (E), R600a, R290 and R152a as low-GWP R134a alternatives. Int J Refrig. 2017;74:267–80.
Gill J, Singh J. Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system approach to predict the mass flow rate of R134a/LPG refrigerant for straight and helical coiled adiabatic capillary tubes in the vapor compression refrigeration system. Int J Refrig. 2017;78:166–75.
Gill J, Singh J. Performance analysis of vapor compression refrigeration system using an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system. Int J Refrig. 2017;82:436–46.
Gill J, Singh J. Energy analysis of vapor compression refrigeration system using mixture of R134a and LPG as refrigerant. Int J Refrig. 2017;84:287–99.
Gill J, Singh J. Experimental analysis of R134a/LPG as replacement of R134a in a vapor-compression refrigeration system. Int J Air-Cond Refrig. 2017;25(02):1750015.
Gill J, Singh J. An applicability of ANFIS approach for depicting energetic performance of VCRS using mixture of R134a and LPG as refrigerant. Int J Refrig. 2018;85:353–75.
Gill J, Singh J. Use of artificial neural network approach for depicting mass flow rate of R134a/LPG refrigerant through straight and helical coiled adiabatic capillary tubes of vapor compression refrigeration system. Int J Refrig. 2018;86:228–38.
Mohanraj M, Muraleedharan C, Jayaraj S. A review of recent developments in new refrigerant mixtures for vapor compression based refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pump units. Int J Energy Res. 2011;35(8):647–69.
El-Morsi M. Energy and exergy analysis of LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) as a drop in replacement for R134a in domestic refrigerators. Energy. 2015;86:344–53.
Akash BA, Said SA. Assessment of LPG as a possible alternative to R-12 in a domestic refrigerator. Energy Conversat Manag. 2003;44:381–8.
Fatouh M, Kafafy M El. Experimental evaluation of a domestic refrigerator working with LPG. Appl Therm Eng. 2006;26:1593–603.
Ahamed JU, Saidur R, Masjuki HH, Sattar MA. Energy and thermodynamic performance of LPG as an alternative refrigerant to R-134a in a domestic refrigerator. Energy Sci Res. 2012;29(1):597–610.
Srinivas P, Chandra RP, Kumar MR, Reddy N. Experimental investigation of LPG as refrigerant in a domestic refrigerator. J Mech Eng Res Technol. 2014;2(1):470–6.
Babarinde TO, Ohunakin OS, Adelekan DS, Aasa SA, Oyedepo SO. Experimental study of LPG and R134a refrigerants in vapor compression refrigeration. Int J Energy Clean Environ. 2015;16(1–4):71–80.
Adelekan DS, Ohunakin OS, Babarinde TO, Odunfa MK, Leramo RO, Oyedepo SO, Badejo DC. Experimental performance of LPG refrigerant charges with varied concentration of TiO2 nano-lubricants in a domestic refrigerator. Case Stud Therm Eng. 2017;9:55–61.
Botha S. Sythesis and characterization of nanofluids for cooling applications (doctor of philosophy). South Africa: University of the Western Cape; 2007.
Yu W, Xie H. A review on nanofluids: preparation, stability mechanisms, and applications. J. Nanomater. 2012. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/435873.
Sundar LS, Sharma KV, Naik MT, Singh MK. Empirical and theoretical correlations on viscosity of nanofluids: a review. Renew. Sust. Energy Rev. 2013;25:670–86.
Wang RX, Hao B, Xie GZ, Li HQ. A refrigerating system using HFC134a and mineral lubricant appended with n-TiO2 (R) as working fluids. Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on HAVC, Tsinghua University Press, Beijing, China 2003, pp. 888–92.
Bi S, Shi L, Zhang L. Application of nanoparticles in domestic refrigerators. Appl Therm Eng. 2008;28:1834–43.
Jwo CS, Jeng LY, Teng TP, Chang H. Effects of nanolubricant on performance of hydrocarbon refrigerant system. J Vac Sci Technol, B. 2009;27(3):1473–7.
Bobbo S, Fedele L, Fabrizio M, Barison S, Battiston S, Pagura C. Influence of nanoparticles dispersion in POE oils on lubricity and R134a solubility. Int J Refrig. 2010;33:1180–6.
Subramani N, Prakash MJ. Experimental studies on a vapour compression system using nanorefrigerants. Int J Eng Sci Technol. 2011;3(9):95–102.
Padmanabhan VMV, Palanisamy S. The use of TiO2 nanoparticles to reduce refrigerator IR-reversibility. Energy Convers Manag. 2012;59:122–32.
Sabareesh RK, Gobinath N, Sajith V, Das S, Sobhan CB. Application of TiO2 nanoparticles as a lubricant-additive for vapor compression refrigeration systems—an experimental investigation. Int J Refrig. 2012;35:1989–96.
Kumar DS, Elansezhian RD. Experimental study on Al2O3–R134a nanorefrigerant in refrigeration system. Int J Mod Eng Res. 2012;2(5):3927–9.
Lou JF, Zhang H, Wang R. Experimental investigation of graphite nanolubricant used in a domestic refrigerator. Adv Mech Eng 2015;7, [1687814015571011].
Azmi WH, Sharma KV, Mamat R, Najafi G, Mohamad MS. The enhancement of effective thermal conductivity and effective dynamic viscosity of nanofluids: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2016;53:1046–58.
Azmi WH, Sharifa MZ, Yusof TM, Mamat R, Redhwan AAM. Potential of nanorefrigerant and nanolubricant on energy saving in refrigeration system: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2017;69:415–28.
Ohunakin OS, Adelekan DS, Babarinde TO, Leramo RO, Abam FI, Diarra CD. Experimental Investigation of TiO2-, SiO2-and Al2O3-lubricants for a domestic refrigerator system using LPG as working fluid. Appl Therm Eng. 2017;127:1469–77.
Bi S, Guo K, Liu Z, Wu J. Performance of a domestic refrigerator using TiO2-R600a nano-refrigerant as working fluid. Energy Convers Manag. 2011;52(1):733–7.
Cao X, Li ZY, Shao LL, Zhang CL. Refrigerant flows through electronic expansion valve: experiment and neural network modeling. Appl Therm Eng. 2016;92:210–8.
Hosoz M, Ertunc HM. Modelling of a cascade refrigeration system using artificial neural network. Int J Energy Res. 2016;30:1200–15.
Rashidi MM, Aghagoli A, Raoofi R. Thermodynamic analysis of the ejector refrigeration cycle using the artificial neural network. Energy. 2017;129:201–15.
Sendil Kumar D, Elansezhain R. Experimental study of Al2O3-R134a nano-refrigerant in refrigeration system. Int J Mod Eng Res. 2012;2(5):3927–9.
R. Schultz, R. Cole, Uncertainty analysis in boiling nucleation, in: AICHE Symposium Series, 1979.
Sheikholeslami M, Ganji DD. Heat transfer enhancement in an air to water heat exchanger with discontinuous helical turbulators; experimental and numerical studies. Energy. 2016;116:341–52.
Ledesma S, Ibarra-Manzano MA, Garcıa-Hernandez MG, Almanza-Ojeda DL. Neural Lab a Simulator for Artificial Neural Networks, Computing Conference IEEE, 2017, pp. 716–21.
Masters T. Practical neural network recipes in C ++, 1993. San Diego: Academic Press Inc; 1993.
Kumar DS, Elansezhian R. ZnO nanorefrigerant in R152a refrigeration system for energy conservation and green environment. Front Mech Eng. 2014;9:75–80.
Gill J, Singh J. Energetic and Exergetic performance analysis of the vapor compression refrigeration system using adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system approach. Exp Thermal Fluid Sci. 2017;88:246–60.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge the IKG PTU, Kapurthala, BCET Gurdaspur, and Covenant University, Ogun State, Nigeria, for their excellent support.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing financial interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gill, J., Singh, J., Ohunakin, O.S. et al. Energy analysis of a domestic refrigerator system with ANN using LPG/TiO2–lubricant as replacement for R134a. J Therm Anal Calorim 135, 475–488 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-018-7327-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-018-7327-3