Abstract
Synthetic graphite–phenolic nanocomposites were designed and synthesized with a compositional gradient which is shown to influence transient temperature fields during rapid temperature changes. Such nanocomposites were fabricated using a compression moulding technique, and thermal conductivity and heat capacity of nanocomposites were experimentally determined using a modified transient plane source technique over a wide temperature range from 253.15 to 373.15 K. The effects of four compositional gradient configurations on the transient temperature field across the thickness of a nanocomposite plate, at a high imposed temperature, was investigated. The transient time and temperature fields in nanocomposite structures were highly affected by the compositional gradient configurations.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Fukushima H, Drzal L, Rook B, Rich M. Thermal conductivity of exfoliated graphite nanocomposites. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2006;85(1):235–8. doi:10.1007/s10973-005-7344-x.
Wang N, Zhang X, Zhu D, Gao J. The investigation of thermal conductivity and energy storage properties of graphite/paraffin composites. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2011:1–6. doi:10.1007/s10973-011-1467-z.
Sihn S, Ganguli S, Roy AK, Qu L, Dai L. Enhancement of through-thickness thermal conductivity in adhesively bonded joints using aligned carbon nanotubes. Compos Sci Technol. 2008;68(3–4):658–65.
Kalaitzidou K, Fukushima H, Drzal LT. Mechanical properties and morphological characterization of exfoliated graphite-polypropylene nanocomposites. Compos A Appl Sci Manuf. 2007;38(7):1675–82.
Biswas S, Fukushima H, Drzal LT. Mechanical and electrical property enhancement in exfoliated graphene nanoplatelet/liquid crystalline polymer nanocomposites. Compos A Appl Sci Manuf. 2011;42(4):371–5.
Bagci MD, Apalak MK. Thermal residual stresses in one-directional functionally graded plates subjected to in-plane heat flux. Numer Heat Transf A Appl. 2011;60(1):50–83.
Zhou YT, Lee KY, Yu DH. Transient heat conduction in a functionally graded strip in contact with well stirred fluid with an outside heat source. Int J Heat Mass Transf. 2011;54(25–26):5438–43.
Cho JR, Oden JT. Functionally graded material: a parametric study on thermal-stress characteristics using the Crank–Nicolson–Galerkin scheme. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng. 2000;188(1–3):17–38.
Apalak MK, Bagci MD. Thermal residual stresses in adhesively bonded in-plane functionally graded clamped plates subjected to an edge heat flux. J Adhes Sci Technol. 2011;25(15):1861–908.
Agarwal B, Upadhyay PC, Banta L, Lyons D. Transient temperature distribution in composites with layers of functionally graded materials (FGMs). J Reinf Plast Compos. 2006;25(5):513–42.
Tian M, Zhu S, Chen Q, Pan N. Effects of layer stacking sequence on temperature response of multi-layer composite materials under dynamic conditions. Appl Therm Eng. 2012;33–34:219–26. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2011.09.039.
C-Therm Technologies Ltd. http://www.ctherm.com/products/tci_thermal_conductivity/. Accessed 08 2011.
Hibbitt D, Karlson B, Sorensen P. ABAQUS user’s manual, version 6.9. Rhode Island: Hibbitt, Karlson, Sorensen Inc; 2009.
Ganguli S, Roy AK, Anderson DP. Improved thermal conductivity for chemically functionalized exfoliated graphite/epoxy composites. Carbon. 2008;46(5):806–17.
Kuo CH, Huang HM. Responses and thermal conductivity measurements of multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWNT)/epoxy composites. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2011;103(2):533–42.
Xu F, Sun L, Zhang J, Qi Y, Yang L, Ru H, et al. Thermal stability of carbon nanotubes. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2011;102(2):785–91. doi:10.1007/s10973-010-0793-x.
Silva G, Musumeci A, Gomes A, Liu J-W, Waclawik E, George G, et al. Characterization of commercial double-walled carbon nanotube material: composition, structure, and heat capacity. J Mater Sci. 2009;44(13):3498–503. doi:10.1007/s10853-009-3468-x.
Tan Z-C, Zhang J-B, Shang-He M. A low-temperature automated adiabatic calorimeter heat capacities of high-purity graphite and polystyrene. J Therm Anal Calorim. 1999;55(1):283–9. doi:10.1023/a:1010177331806.
Hone J, Batlogg B, Benes Z, Johnson AT, Fischer JE. Quantized phonon spectrum of single-wall carbon nanotubes. Science. 2000;289(5485):1730–3.
McHugh J, Fideu P, Herrmann A, Stark W. Determination and review of specific heat capacity measurements during isothermal cure of an epoxy using TM-DSC and standard DSC techniques. Polym Test. 2010;29(6):759–65.
Cecen V, Tavman IH, Kok M, Aydogdu Y. Epoxy- and polyester-based composites reinforced with glass, carbon and aramid fabrics: measurement of heat capacity and thermal conductivity of composites by differential scanning calorimetry. Polym Compos. 2009;30(9):1299–311.
Abbassi A, Khoshmanesh K. Numerical simulation and experimental analysis of an industrial glass melting furnace. Appl Therm Eng. 2008;28(5–6):450–9. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2007.05.011.
Peng X-L, Li X-F. Transient response of temperature and thermal stresses in a functionally graded hollow cylinder. J Therm Stresses. 2010;33(5):485–500.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support of Advanced Manufacturing Cooperative Research Centre (AMCRC). Ehsan Bafekrpour also would like to express his thanks to Dr. Khashayar Khoshmanesh for his helpful discussions and guidance.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bafekrpour, E., Simon, G.P., Yang, C. et al. Effect of compositional gradient on thermal behavior of synthetic graphite–phenolic nanocomposites. J Therm Anal Calorim 109, 1169–1176 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-012-2386-3
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-012-2386-3