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Investigation on curing kinetics, water diffusion kinetics and thermo- mechanical properties of functionalized castor oil based epoxy copolymers

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Abstract

In pursuit to develop sustainable, eco-friendly and high-performance toughened epoxy materials, a green reactive monomer, epoxy methyl ricinoleate (EMR) was synthesized through transesterification of epoxidized castor oil (ECO). Both ECO and EMR were used as co-monomers with petro based epoxy resin at 10, 20, and 30% and cured with triethylenetetramine (TETA) to achieve toughened samples with moderate stiffness. Compared to neat epoxy, tensile strength of EPECO20 and EPEMR20 co-polymeric systems increased by 21.6% and 30% along with enhancement in impact strength to the tune of 24.4% and 39.4% respectively. Non-isothermal kinetic methods, Iso-conversional method and autocatalytic model were used to find curing kinetic parameters of the optimized EPECO and EPEMR copolymer system. The effects of ECO and EMR on curing kinetics and thermo-physical properties of TETA cured epoxy has been studied in order to control the curing reaction and achieve adequate properties for structural applications, which are not explored so far. The inclusion of ECO as copolymer resulted in the increase of activation energy (Ea) of curing by 10.9%, wherein EMR incorporation reduced the Ea value by 5% because of its low viscosity, better resin diffusion and reactivity. The water diffusion coefficient is increased with increase in bio-resin content and water absorption through these samples is found to be a reversible process. The dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) showed a reduction in glass transition temperature (Tg) with the improved damping ability of copolymers due to segmental mobility of the flexible aliphatic chains of bio-resins. TGA study revealed the reduction in decomposition rate on addition of bio-monomers without much change in derivative peak temperature. These greener materials can find space in structural composites applications, being eco-friendly and sustainable.

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Acknowledgements

The author, Sathyaraj Sankarlal is grateful to National Institute of Technology, Calicut for providing scholarship, contingency, TEQIP and Plan Fund research grant of National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kerala, India to carry out this research work. The author thanks Dr. C. Muraleedharan, Professor and Head, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Dr. G. Unnikrishnan, Professor, Department of Chemistry, NIT Calicut. The authors wish to thank CSIR-NIIST for helping in TGA tests.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut, 673601, India

    Sathyaraj Sankar lal & Sekar Kannan

  2. Materials Science and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, India

    Sushanta K. Sahoo

  3. Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (ACSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India

    Sushanta K. Sahoo

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Highlights

• Less viscous and highly reactive Epoxy Methyl Ricinoleate (EMR) bio-resin is synthesized.

• Bio-based copolymers are developed with stiffness-toughness balance.

• Curing kinetics has been studied to reveal the catalyzing effect of bio-resin.

• Increased damping factor showed to absorb energy under vibrating conditions.

• Water absorbed by the matrix increased with bio-resin content but fully reversible.

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Sankar lal, S., Sahoo, S.K. & Kannan, S. Investigation on curing kinetics, water diffusion kinetics and thermo- mechanical properties of functionalized castor oil based epoxy copolymers. J Polym Res 29, 275 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-022-03122-2

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