Skip to main content
Log in

Design and Development of Environmentally Friendly Polybenzoxazine–Silica Hybrid from Renewable Bio-resource

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Polymers and the Environment Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In the present work, an attempt has been made to develop polybenzoxazine- silica hybrid through in-situ sol–gel method using renewable bio-resource raw materials such as cardanol and furfurylamine for high thermal and flame retardant applications. In this context, a new approach has been adopted to incorporate an inorganic component (MPTMS) in to cardanol benzoxazine (BZ–C–F) via chemical interaction between the unsaturated group of cardanol and mercapto group (–SH) of MPTMS by thermally initiated thiol-ene click reaction. The developed PBZ–C–F–silica hybrids were characterized for their molecular structure, thermal and flame resistant properties using modern analytical techniques. Data obtained from thermal and flame retardant studies, it is suggested that the developed PBZ–C–F–silica hybrid can be used in the form of coatings, sealants, encapsulants and matrices for thermally stable and flame retardant applications.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Scheme 1
Scheme 2
Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Kiskan B (2017) React Funct Polym. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2017.06.009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Ishida H, Froimowicz P (2017) Advanced and emerging polybenzoxazine science and technology. Elsevier, New York

    Google Scholar 

  3. Ghosh NN, Kiskan B, Yagci Y (2007) Prog Polym Sci 32:1344–1391

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Takeichi T, Kawauchi T, Agag T (2008) Polym J 40:1121–1131

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Dunkers J, Ishida H (1999) J Polym Sci A 37:1913

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Vengatesan MR, Devaraju S, Dinakaran K, Alagar M (2012) J Mater Chem 22:7559–7566

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Hariharan A, Srinivasan K, Murthy C, Alagar M (2017) Ind Eng Chem Res 56:9347–9354

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Yagci Y, Kiskan B, Ghosh NN (2009) J Polym Sci A 47:5565–5576

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Selvi M, Devaraju S, Vengatesan MR, Kumar M, Go JS, Alagar M (2014) RSC Adv 4:8238–8244

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Selvi M, Vengatesan MR, Devaraju S, Kumar M, Alagar M (2014) RSC Adv 4:8446–8452

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Sharma P, Lochab B, Kumar D, Roy PK (2016) ACS Sustain Chem Eng 4:1085–1093

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Thirukumaran P, Shakila Parveen A, Sarojadevi M (2014) ACS Sustain Chem Eng 2:2790–2801

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Sini NK, Jayashree B, Varma IK (2014) J Polym Sci A 52:7–11

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Liu X, Zhang R, Li T, Zhu P, Zhuang Q (2017) ACS Sustain Chem Eng 5:10682–10692

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Hariharan A, Srinivasan K, Murthy C, Alagar M (2018) New J Chem 42:4067–4080

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Froimowicz P, Arza CR, Han L, Ishida H (2016) ChemSusChem 9:1–9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Zúñiga C, Larrechi MS, Lligadas G, Ronda JC, Galià M, Cádiz V (2011) J Polym Sci A 49:1219–1227

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Wang C, Zhao C, Sun J, Huang S, Liu X, Endo T (2013) J Polym Sci A 51:2016–2023

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Amarnath N, Appavoo D, Lochab B (2018) ACS Sustain Chem Eng 6:389–402

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Wang C, Sun J, Liu X, Sudo A, Endo T (2012) Green Chem 14:2799–2806

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Calo E, Maffezzoli A, Mele G, Martina F, Mazzetto SE, Tarzia A (2007) Green Chem 9:754–759

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Dumas L, Bonnaud L, Olivier M, Poorteman M, Dubois P (2015) Eur Polym J 67:494–502

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Saba N, Paridah MT, Jawaid M, Alothman OY (2018) J Polym Environ 26:1844–1853

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Dumitriu RP, Stoica I, Vasilescu DS, Cazacu G, Vasile C (2018) J Polym Environ 26:1100–1112

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Sookyung U, Thitithammawong A, Nakason C, Pakhathirathien C, Thaijaroen W (2018) J Polym Environ doi.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-018-1227-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Voirin C, Caillol S, Sadavarte NV, Tawade BV, Boutevin B, Wadgaonkar PP (2014) Polym Chem 5:3142–3162

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Shukla S, Mahata A, Pathak B, Lochab B (2015) RSC Adv 5:78071–78080

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Puchot L (2016) Cardanol: a bio-based building block for new sustainable and functional materials. Polymers. Universit´e de Cergy Pontoise (Thesis)

  29. Kotzebue LRV, Ribeiro FWM, Sombra VG, Feitosa JPA, Mele J, Mazzetto SE et al (2016) Polymer 92:189–200

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Ribeiro FWM, Kotzebue LRV, Oliveira JR, Maia FJN, Mazzetto SE, Lomonaco D (2017) J Therm Anal Calorim 129:281–289

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Sasikumar R, Ariraman M, Alagar M (2015) RSC Adv 5:40798–40806

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Devaraju S, Vengatesan MR, Selvi M, Song JK, Alagar M (2013) Microporous Mesoporous Mater 179:157–164

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Devaraju S, Vengatesan MR, Ashok Kumar A, Alagar M (2011) J Sol-Gel Sci Technol 60:33–40

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Selvi M, Devaraju S, Vengatesan MR, Alagar M (2014) J Sol-Gel Sci Technol 72:518–526

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Zhang W, Lu Z, Xin Z, Zhou C (2015) Nanoscale 7:19476–19483

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Selvi M, Devaraju S, Sethuraman K, Alagar M (2014) Polym Compos 35:2121–2128

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Devaraju S, Vengatesan MR, Selvi M, AshokKumar A, Hamerton I, Alagar M (2013) RSC Adv 3:12915–12921

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Peng S, Zeng Z, Zhao W, Li H, Chen J, Han J, Wu X (2014) RSC Adv 4:15776–15781

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Kim JS, Yang SC, Park HJ, Bae BS (2011) Chem Commun 47:6051–6053

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Van Krevelen DW (1975) Polymer 16:615–620

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Devaraju S, Vengatesan MR, Selvi M, Ashok Kumar A, Alagar M (2012) High Perform Polym 24:85–96

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Devaraju S, Vengatesan MR, Selvi M, Ashok Kumar A, Alagar M (2018) Int J Polym Anal Charact 23:29–37

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to S. Devaraju or M. Alagar.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary material 1 (DOCX 48 KB)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Devaraju, S., Krishnadevi, K., Sriharshitha, S. et al. Design and Development of Environmentally Friendly Polybenzoxazine–Silica Hybrid from Renewable Bio-resource. J Polym Environ 27, 141–147 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-018-1327-z

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-018-1327-z

Keywords

Navigation